feat: drop Debian 11 Bullseye

[MikeMcC399]

• closes Adapt to Debian 11 (bullseye) EOL LTS exit on 2026-08-31 #2561

Description

Drop bullseye from new image production:

• remove bullseye and bullseye-slim from versions.json for Node.js 22, 24 & 26
• remove bullseye and bullseye-slim from architectures
• remove 22/bullseye* 24/bullseye* 26/bullseye* directories to remove bullseye and bullseye-slim
• remove bullseye from documentation

Motivation and Context

Debian bullseye reached the end of its 5-year lifecycle on Aug 31, 2026 and is no longer supported after this date.

Testing Details

Execute:

./stackbrew.sh

and confirm that bullseye is no longer included.

Types of changes

• Documentation
• Version change (Update, remove or add more Node.js versions)
• Variant change (Update, remove or add more variants, or versions of variants)
• Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
• New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
• Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing functionality to change)
• Other (none of the above)

Checklist

• My code follows the code style of this project.
• My change requires a change to the documentation.
• I have updated the documentation accordingly.
• I have read the CONTRIBUTING.md document.
• All new and existing tests passed.

[github-actions]

Created PR on the official-images repo (docker-library/official-images#22172). See https://github.com/docker-library/faq#an-images-source-changed-in-git-now-what if you are wondering when it will be available on the Docker Hub.