From 3644a9a241d382740a1fe0b91fda350b1a55cb26 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Carlos Scheidegger <carlos.scheidegger@posit.co>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2026 18:19:39 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 1/4] quarto-math: MathML Core writer (bd-9z83tcv0)
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

Adds `Target::MathMl` and `crates/quarto-math/src/mathml.rs`: `MathAst`
to a complete `<math>` element for `format: html` (consumed by the
`MathMlStage` of bd-3evfzwal). Written against MathML Core only:

- coarse runs split into `mi`/`mn`/`mo` via `split::split_run`, one
  letter per `mi`; `-` becomes U+2212, `'` a prime;
- symbols classify by alphabet (Greek → `mi`, uppercase Greek upright,
  relations/arrows → `mo`); bare delimiters get `stretchy="false"`,
  `\left…\right` fences stretch;
- big operators place limits by mode and the integral family keeps
  side limits, `\limits` pins `movablelimits="false"`; functions get
  U+2061 function application;
- `\mathbf`/`\mathbb`/`\mathcal`/… map characters into the Mathematical
  Alphanumeric Symbols block (holes included) since Core keeps only
  `mathvariant="normal"`; `\text` keeps edge spaces as NBSP;
- environments become `mtable` (fenced for matrices, `{` for cases,
  right/left `columnalign` for aligned); a top-level `\\` becomes a
  table of lines; `\cancel` emits `menclose` (plan decision 3).

The source TeX rides in `<semantics>` as an `application/x-tex`
annotation, so `Normalized` gains a `text` field.

Tests: a corpus-wide validity check (quick-xml walk: Core element
allowlist, fixed child counts, `mathvariant` only `normal`), 263
per-fixture snapshots, 13 structural tests, and unit tests for the
variant table and accents.

Also fixes a normalizer bug the snapshots exposed: primes were dropped
(`f'` → `f`; the committed Typst snapshot for `basic/prime` read
`f ( x ) = f ( x )`). mitex parses `f'` as an attachment without a
`^`/`_` operator and `attach` returned only the base. Now a prime is a
superscript `Sym`, repeated primes merge into `″`/`‴`/`⁗`, and `x'^2`
shares the superscript slot (5 tests in `normalize.rs`). The same
fixture shows mitex taking `= f` as the base of `f''` after a relation;
filed as bd-0mzhnxft.

Snapshots: 263 added (`integration__mathml__mathml__*`), 6 modified
(`basic/prime` and `scripts/prime-with-sup` for normalize, OMML and
Typst — the prime fix; the Typst one now shows the bd-0mzhnxft quirk
as `(= f)^(″)`).

Verification: `cargo xtask verify --skip-hub-build` green; quarto-math
checks for wasm32-unknown-unknown.

Plan: claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 ...026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md | 351 ++++++++
 crates/quarto-math/Cargo.toml                 |   2 +
 crates/quarto-math/src/convert.rs             |   5 +-
 crates/quarto-math/src/lib.rs                 |   5 +-
 crates/quarto-math/src/mathml.rs              | 833 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/quarto-math/src/normalize.rs           |  85 +-
 crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/main.rs  |   1 +
 .../quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs   | 522 +++++++++++
 .../tests/integration/normalize.rs            |  89 ++
 ...hml__mathml__accents__accent-bare-arg.snap |   5 +
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 ...n__mathml__mathml__corpus__sum-of-set.snap |   5 +
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 ...athml__delimiters__left-right-bracket.snap |   5 +
 ..._mathml__delimiters__left-right-floor.snap |   5 +
 ...athml__delimiters__left-right-in-frac.snap |   5 +
 ..._mathml__delimiters__left-right-mixed.snap |   5 +
 ...mathml__delimiters__left-right-nested.snap |   5 +
 ...__mathml__delimiters__left-right-norm.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__delimiters__left-right-null-left.snap |   5 +
 ...ml__delimiters__left-right-null-right.snap |   5 +
 ...left-right-paren-with-newline_display.snap |   7 +
 ..._mathml__delimiters__left-right-paren.snap |   5 +
 ...__mathml__delimiters__left-right-vert.snap |   5 +
 ...l__delimiters__left-right-with-middle.snap |   5 +
 ...l__delimiters__left-right-with-script.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__mathml__delimiters__lfloor-lceil.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__environments__align-star_display.snap |   8 +
 ...__mathml__environments__align_display.snap |   8 +
 ...mathml__environments__alignat_display.snap |   7 +
 ...nvironments__aligned-one-line_display.snap |   5 +
 ...nments__aligned-three-columns_display.snap |   8 +
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 ...athml__environments__equation_display.snap |   7 +
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 ..._mathml__environments__pmatrix-inline.snap |   5 +
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 ...athml__mathml__errors__bare-ampersand.snap |   5 +
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 ...ration__mathml__mathml__errors__empty.snap |   5 +
 ..._mathml__mathml__errors__env-mismatch.snap |   5 +
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 ...__mathml__mathml__errors__missing-arg.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__mathml__errors__only-whitespace.snap |   5 +
 ...ml__mathml__errors__raw-dollar-inside.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__mathml__errors__recursive-macro.snap |   5 +
 ...l__mathml__errors__right-without-left.snap |   5 +
 ...l__mathml__errors__sqrt-index-no-body.snap |   5 +
 ...on__mathml__mathml__errors__stray-end.snap |   5 +
 ...l__mathml__errors__trailing-backslash.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-close.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__errors__unbalanced-in-macro-body.snap |   5 +
 ...errors__unbalanced-left-right-nesting.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-open.snap |   5 +
 ..._mathml__mathml__errors__unclosed-env.snap |   5 +
 ...rrors__undefined-blackboard-shortcuts.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__errors__undefined-macro-argument.snap |   5 +
 ...mathml__errors__unknown-command-noarg.snap |   5 +
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 ...__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-env.snap |   5 +
 ...ion__mathml__mathml__fractions__binom.snap |   5 +
 ...ion__mathml__mathml__fractions__cfrac.snap |   5 +
 ...athml__mathml__fractions__dfrac-tfrac.snap |   5 +
 ..._mathml__fractions__frac-command-args.snap |   5 +
 ...athml__mathml__fractions__frac-in-sup.snap |   5 +
 ...athml__mathml__fractions__frac-nested.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__fractions__frac-single-char-args.snap |   5 +
 ...tion__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac.snap |   5 +
 ..._mathml__mathml__fractions__over-bare.snap |   5 +
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 ...hml__mathml__operators__int-no-limits.snap |   5 +
 ...ation__mathml__mathml__operators__lim.snap |   5 +
 ...mathml__mathml__operators__log-ln-sin.snap |   5 +
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 ...mathml__operators__sum-limits_display.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__operators__sum-nolimits_display.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__operators__sum-only-sub_display.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__operators__sum-only-sup_display.snap |   5 +
 ...n__mathml__mathml__operators__sup-inf.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-bare-arg.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__radicals__sqrt-index-expression.snap |   5 +
 ..._mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-index.snap |   5 +
 ...mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-nested.snap |   5 +
 ...athml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-of-frac.snap |   5 +
 ...ation__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt.snap |   5 +
 ...n__mathml__mathml__scripts__empty-sup.snap |   5 +
 ...__mathml__mathml__scripts__nested-sup.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__mathml__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap |   5 +
 ...ml__mathml__scripts__script-digit-run.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__mathml__scripts__script-on-frac.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__mathml__scripts__script-on-group.snap |   5 +
 ...hml__mathml__scripts__script-on-paren.snap |   5 +
 ...ml__scripts__script-with-space-before.snap |   5 +
 ...n__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub-group.snap |   5 +
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 ...gration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub.snap |   5 +
 ...tion__mathml__mathml__scripts__subsup.snap |   5 +
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 ...gration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup.snap |   5 +
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 ..._explicit-newline-outside-env_display.snap |   5 +
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 ...ration__mathml__mathml__symbols__misc.snap |   5 +
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 ...n__mathml__mathml__symbols__relations.snap |   5 +
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 ...__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__bm.snap |   5 +
 ...__mathml__text-and-styles__boldsymbol.snap |   5 +
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 ...mathml__text-and-styles__displaystyle.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathbb.snap |   5 +
 ...thml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathbf.snap |   5 +
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 279 files changed, 3312 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
 create mode 100644 crates/quarto-math/src/mathml.rs
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diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 1f3ec4179..4d7779656 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -5751,6 +5751,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "quarto-error-reporting",
  "quarto-math",
  "quarto-source-map",
+ "quick-xml 0.39.3",
  "rowan",
  "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "serde",
diff --git a/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md b/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be906ee94
--- /dev/null
+++ b/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
@@ -0,0 +1,351 @@
+# Format-specific equation numbering and `html-math-method: mathml`
+
+**Status:** approved 2026-09-21 (all five open decisions settled with the
+user, each as recommended); executing Phase 1.
+**Strands:** bd-vlhi2zkj (Phase 1, equation numbering; branch
+`braid/bd-vlhi2zkj-equation-numbering` off `main`), bd-9z83tcv0 (Phase 2,
+MathML writer, p2), bd-3evfzwal (Phase 3, `MathMlStage`; blocked on the
+other two).
+**Parent work:** `claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-quarto-math-and-native-docx.md`
+(quarto-math, PR #706). This plan is the "interlude": it gives quarto-math a
+real consumer (`format: html`) before the docx writer exists.
+
+## Overview
+
+Two things, in dependency order.
+
+1. **Equation numbering becomes a format-specific presentation step.**
+   Today `render_equation` (`crates/quarto-core/src/transforms/crossref_render.rs`)
+   appends `\tag{N}` to the TeX of every numbered equation, unconditionally,
+   inside the format-agnostic `CrossrefRenderTransform`. `\tag` is an
+   `amsmath` command that only MathJax and KaTeX understand: Quarto 1
+   (`crossref/equations.lua`, `renderEquation`) emits it *only* for HTML with
+   `mathjax`/`katex`, uses `\qquad(N)` for every other math engine, and
+   defers to the writer for LaTeX (`equation` + `\label`) and Typst
+   (`#math.equation(numbering:)`). Pandoc's converter rejects `\tag` in
+   `$$…$$` (verified with pandoc 3.9: warning + verbatim fallback under
+   `--mathml` and `-t docx`), and quarto-math's spec marks it unsupported
+   (verified: an `Error` node, output withheld). The number encoding is
+   presentation, so it moves out of crossref-render into a step selected by
+   the format and `html-math-method`.
+
+   The hand-off between the two is a **reserved attribute on the equation
+   `Span`**. Crossref-render leaves the `Math` node byte-identical to the
+   source and records the number as `quarto-eq-number="N"`; the numbering
+   step consumes and removes it. Because the step runs *after* user post
+   filters, a Lua filter can read, rewrite or drop the attribute — the
+   escape hatch — without knowing anything else about the pipeline.
+
+2. **`html-math-method: mathml`** renders each `Inline::Math` to MathML Core
+   at render time through a new `quarto_math` writer, so common documents
+   ship no MathJax. Today the option is a silent no-op (verified on the PR
+   #706 tip: raw `\(…\)` TeX, no renderer loaded). With (1) in place the
+   MathML path needs no `\tag` support: the number is a sibling inline
+   outside `<math>`, which MathML Core requires anyway (`mlabeledtr` was
+   dropped from Core).
+
+### Why the numbering step is a *stage*, not a Finalization transform
+
+The HTML stage list (`build_html_pipeline_stages_with_options`,
+`crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs`) is
+
+```
+… → UserFiltersStage::pre → AstTransformsStage (all four phases, incl.
+CrossrefRenderTransform) → UserFiltersStage::post → ResourceReportStage →
+CodeHighlightStage → MathJsStage → RenderHtmlBodyStage → ApplyTemplateStage
+```
+
+Every Finalization transform runs inside `AstTransformsStage`, *before* post
+filters. A numbering transform there would consume the reserved attribute
+before any user filter could see it. Placing the step as a stage between
+`UserFiltersStage::post` and `MathJsStage` (the slot `CodeHighlightStage`
+already occupies: AST-level, format-aware, post-filter) keeps the attribute
+visible to post filters and still satisfies the phase contract's intent
+(presentation after crossref-render). The design doc gets a paragraph naming
+this slot (item in Phase 1).
+
+### The reserved attribute
+
+- Key: `quarto-eq-number` (kv on the `Span#eq-… .quarto-math-with-attribute`
+  that `render_equation` already emits). `quarto-` prefix matches the other
+  reserved names transforms consume (`quarto-template-params`,
+  `quarto-reuse`, `quarto-xref`).
+- Value: the number as text, exactly what would be typeset (`1`, later
+  `2.3` when section-prefixed numbering lands; that is out of scope here).
+- Lifetime: written by `CrossrefRenderTransform`, readable by post filters,
+  removed by `EquationNumberStage` in every strategy (so it never reaches the
+  writer, in any format).
+- Lua view: `el.attributes["quarto-eq-number"]` on a `Span` whose
+  `identifier` starts with `eq-`. Deleting the attribute suppresses the
+  number; changing it changes the label. Documented for filter authors.
+
+### Numbering strategies
+
+Selected by `EquationNumberStage` from `ctx.format` and the document's
+`html-math-method` (already flattened to top level by `resolve_format_config`;
+parsed by a shared `MathMethod` enum, see Phase 1):
+
+| Strategy | When | Effect on `[Math(Display, t)]` |
+| --- | --- | --- |
+| `TexTag` | HTML-based format, method `mathjax` / `katex` / absent | `t` becomes `t\tag{N}` (today's behaviour, with the same `text_source` concat provenance) |
+| `Qquad` | HTML-based, method `plain` / `webtex` / `gladtex` / unknown | `t` becomes `t \qquad(N)` (Quarto 1's non-JS encoding) |
+| `Sibling` | HTML-based, method `mathml` | `Math` untouched; a `Span.quarto-eq-number` containing `Str("(N)")` is appended after it inside the equation span, and the equation span gains class `quarto-eq-sibling-number` for CSS |
+| `Writer` | LaTeX / Typst / docx (native writers, future) | `Math` untouched; the writer numbers. Placeholder: q2 renders only HTML and revealjs natively today, and PR #704 routes docx/Typst through Quarto 1's Lua filters, which do their own numbering |
+
+`Sibling` is robust to a failed MathML conversion: if the expression falls
+back to TeX + MathJax (Phase 3 hybrid), the number is still there, outside
+the math.
+
+### MathML output shape
+
+```html
+<span class="math display">
+  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">
+    <semantics>
+      <mrow>…</mrow>
+      <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">ORIGINAL TEX</annotation>
+    </semantics>
+  </math>
+</span>
+```
+
+The existing `span.math.inline` / `span.math.display` wrappers stay (user
+CSS and the preview-parity tooling key on them; Pandoc drops the span for
+display math, we do not). The annotation carries the source TeX for
+copy/paste and assistive tools. Emitted as `RawInline("html", …)` replacing
+the `Inline::Math`, which the HTML writer passes through verbatim.
+
+## Checklist
+
+### Phase 0 — setup
+
+- [x] (done 2026-09-21: bd-vlhi2zkj, bd-3evfzwal; bd-9z83tcv0 → p2) File the two new strands (numbering restructure; HTML `mathml` stage)
+      with `discovered-from: bd-entbg6x3`, `related: bd-9z83tcv0`; link this
+      plan. Reprioritise bd-9z83tcv0 from p3 to p2.
+- [x] (branch created 2026-09-21) Phase 1 branches off `main` (it does not touch quarto-math) and lands
+      as its own PR, same pattern as decision 5 of the parent plan. Phases 2
+      and 3 branch off `feature/bd-entbg6x3-quarto-math` and stack on #706;
+      Phase 3 merges `main` once Phase 1 is in.
+
+### Phase 1 — equation numbering as a format-specific stage (new strand, PR against `main`)
+
+Tests first, in this order.
+
+- [x] (2026-09-21) **Unit tests in `crossref_render.rs`**: `render_equation` leaves
+      `math.text` and `math.text_source` untouched and sets
+      `quarto-eq-number` on the span; an unnumbered equation sets no
+      attribute. Rewrite the three existing tests that assert `\tag{1}` in
+      the math text (`…:2494`, `:2536`, `:2595`) to assert the attribute.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; 13 tests in `equation_number.rs`) **`EquationNumberStage` unit tests** (one per strategy): `TexTag`
+      appends `\tag{N}` and extends `text_source` as a concat with a
+      synthesized piece (move the provenance code from `render_equation`);
+      `Qquad` appends ` \qquad(N)`; `Sibling` appends the label span and the
+      modifier class; every strategy removes the attribute; a span without
+      the attribute is untouched; an equation span whose first inline is not
+      `Math(DisplayMath)` is left alone with a debug trace (mirrors the
+      preview's `Equation.tsx` fallback rules).
+- [x] (2026-09-21; `math_method.rs` + `NumberEncoding::for_document` tests) **Strategy selection tests**: `MathMethod::from_meta` for the string
+      and object forms (`mathjax`, `katex`, `mathml`, `plain`, `webtex`,
+      `gladtex`, unknown, absent); `strategy_for(format, method)` table.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; new file `tests/integration/equation_numbering_pipeline.rs`, 13 tests, so the math-js suite stays about engine injection) **End-to-end tests**
+      (drive `render_to_file`): default → `\tag{1}` present and MathJax
+      loaded (the existing `labelled_equation_emits_mathjax_and_tag` keeps
+      passing); `html-math-method: plain` → `\qquad(1)` present, no
+      `\tag`, no loader; `html-math-method: mathml` → `span.quarto-eq-number`
+      present, `\tag` absent (the math itself stays TeX until Phase 3);
+      revealjs → `\tag{1}`.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; same file; also pins that a *pre* filter does not see the attribute) **Lua escape-hatch test**: a post filter that reads
+      `el.attributes["quarto-eq-number"]` and rewrites it to `A` yields
+      `\tag{A}` in the output; a filter that deletes it yields an unnumbered
+      equation. Place next to the existing user-filter integration tests.
+- [x] (2026-09-21) Implement: `MathMethod` enum in a new
+      `crates/quarto-core/src/math_method.rs` (string + object forms; the
+      only parser of `html-math-method`), and make `MathEngine::from_meta`
+      in `math_js.rs` a thin mapping over it so the two stages cannot drift.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; `EQ_NUMBER_ATTR` lives in `crossref/mod.rs` next to the `EQUATION` type name) Implement: `render_equation` writes the attribute instead of the tag.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; registered between `ResourceReportStage` and `CodeHighlightStage`) Implement: `crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/equation_number.rs`,
+      registered between `UserFiltersStage::post` and `CodeHighlightStage`
+      in `build_html_pipeline_stages_with_options`. Included in the
+      q2-preview stage list (it is a no-op there: the preview excludes
+      crossref-render, so no span carries the attribute, and `Equation.tsx`
+      keeps its own KaTeX `\tag` append). Add the stage name to the
+      preview-exclusion validator's known list if the test requires it.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; **placement changed from the plan**: not `_bootstrap-rules.scss` but a shared layer `resources/scss/html/templates/equation-number.scss`, loaded by `load_equation_number_layer` in `quarto-sass` at the five HTML compile sites and in `assemble_reveal_scss`, exactly like `copy-code.scss`. Reason: revealjs is HTML-based and gets the `Sibling` encoding too, and the bootstrap rules file is not bundled into decks. Tests: `test_compile_default_css`, `test_compile_reveal_theme_includes_equation_number_rules`.) CSS for `Sibling`: `.quarto-eq-sibling-number`
+      as a flex row with the math centered and the label pushed right.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; new section "The post-filter presentation slot") Design doc: add the "post-filter presentation stage" slot to
+      `claude-notes/designs/transform-pipeline-phases.md`, naming
+      `CodeHighlightStage` and `EquationNumberStage` as its members and
+      stating the rule: a step that must remain visible to user post filters
+      is a stage here, not a Finalization transform.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; placed in `docs/guides/authoring/lua-filters.qmd` as its own section, since that is where filter authors look; the cross-reference page in that directory is misnamed `cross-references.cmd`, flagged to the user) Docs (user-facing):
+      one short "for filter authors" note on `quarto-eq-number`.
+- [x] (2026-09-21) Update the `Equation.tsx` comment that cites `render_equation`'s
+      line numbers and the `\tag` port, so the two stay traceable.
+- [x] (2026-09-21: full `cargo xtask verify` green — 14049 Rust tests, ts-packages, hub-client build + tests. Two collateral test updates: the HTML stage-list/count assertions in `pipeline.rs` (25 → 26 stages) and the `styles.css` byte-identity baseline in `tests/fixtures/phase5-single-doc-baseline/expected_hashes.txt`, re-captured with a dated note because the new SCSS layer is additive to every compiled stylesheet.) `cargo xtask verify` (full: `quarto-core` changed). Record the
+      end-to-end invocation and the inspected output here.
+
+**End-to-end verification (2026-09-21, real binary, output inspected).**
+Three copies of the same document, differing only in front matter
+(`html-math-method` absent / `mathml` / `plain`), each with
+`$$\sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i = \int_0^\infty e^{-x}\,dx$$ {#eq-one}` and a
+`@eq-one` reference, rendered with
+`cargo run --bin q2 -- render <scratch>/{default,mathml,plain}.qmd`. The
+equation markup in each `.html`:
+
+```html
+<!-- default (MathJax loaded; window.MathJax present once) -->
+<span id="eq-one" class="quarto-math-with-attribute"><span class="math display">\[
+\sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i = \int_0^\infty e^{-x}\,dx
+\tag{1}\]</span></span>
+<!-- html-math-method: mathml (no engine loaded) -->
+<span id="eq-one" class="quarto-math-with-attribute quarto-eq-sibling-number"><span class="math display">\[
+\sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i = \int_0^\infty e^{-x}\,dx
+\]</span><span class="quarto-eq-number">(1)</span></span>
+<!-- html-math-method: plain (no engine loaded) -->
+<span id="eq-one" class="quarto-math-with-attribute"><span class="math display">\[
+\sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i = \int_0^\infty e^{-x}\,dx
+ \qquad(1)\]</span></span>
+```
+
+`See <a href="#eq-one" class="quarto-xref">Equation 1</a>.` in all three;
+`quarto-eq-number="…"` appears in none. `<stem>_files/styles.css` of each
+contains the three `.quarto-eq-sibling-number…` rules from
+`equation-number.scss`.
+
+**Follow-up for the #706 rebase.** On `main` today `Math` has no
+`text_source`; PR #705 adds it and PR #706's `render_equation` extends the
+mapping with a synthesized piece for the appended `\tag`. After this phase
+merges, that provenance code belongs in `EquationNumberStage::encode_number`
+(the `TexTag` and `Qquad` arms are the only places that append to the
+text). Noted in the parent plan's merge-readiness section on the #706
+branch when it rebases.
+
+### Phase 2 — MathML writer in quarto-math (bd-9z83tcv0, stacked on #706)
+
+Mirrors `typst.rs`: one file, one snapshot per fixture, a corpus-wide
+validity check standing in for the compile check Typst has.
+
+- [x] (2026-09-21; `every_fixture_is_valid_mathml_core`, a quick-xml walk checking element allowlist, fixed child counts for `mfrac`/`msub`/…/`munderover`, and `mathvariant`) **Validity test** (`tests/integration/mathml.rs`): every fixture's
+      output parses with `quick-xml`, uses only MathML Core elements
+      (`math mrow mi mn mo mtext mspace ms msub msup msubsup munder mover
+      munderover mfrac msqrt mroot mtable mtr mtd mstyle mpadded mphantom
+      merror semantics annotation`, plus `menclose`, see decisions), and
+      the only `mathvariant` value is `normal`. Snapshot per fixture.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; 13 structural tests) **Structural tests**: `Run` splits to `mi`/`mn`/`mo` via
+      `split::split_run` with a single-letter `mi` italic by default;
+      `Nary` + `Scripts` → `munderover` in display / `msubsup` inline
+      (`LimLoc` rules identical to OMML); `Func` → `mi` + U+2061 function
+      application; `Delimited` → `mrow` with stretchy fence `mo`s and
+      `\middle` separators; `Frac` styles (`NoBar` → `linethickness="0"`,
+      `Binom` wrapped in parentheses, `Display`/`Text` → `mstyle
+      displaystyle`); `Sqrt` → `msqrt`/`mroot`; `Accent` → `mover
+      accent="true"`; `Bar`/`GroupChr`/`LimPos`/`XArrow` → `munder`/`mover`;
+      `Matrix` layouts → `mtable` (`Cases` with a left `{` fence and
+      `columnalign="left"`, `Aligned` with alternating right/left
+      alignment, `Gathered` centered, `Matrix` inside its fences);
+      `Break` → the whole row becomes a two-row `mtable`; `Space` →
+      `mspace width="…em"` (negative widths allowed in Core);
+      `Phantom` → `mphantom` (+ `mpadded` for `h`/`v` only);
+      `Color` → `mstyle mathcolor`; `Text` → `mtext`.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; `styled_char` + unit test over every variant and hole) **Style variants**: `Style { variant }` maps each letter and digit of
+      its body into the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block
+      (`U+1D400…`), with the reserved-codepoint holes table (`ℎ ℬ ℰ ℱ ℋ ℐ
+      ℒ ℳ ℛ ℂ ℍ ℕ ℙ ℚ ℝ ℤ ℭ ℌ ℑ ℜ ℨ`, plus the `Roman` variant which is
+      `mathvariant="normal"` on a single-letter `mi`). Unit test the table
+      against the Unicode chart for one letter per variant and every hole.
+- [x] (2026-09-21) **Escaping**: `<`, `&`, `>` in `mo`/`mi`/`mtext`/`annotation`.
+- [x] (2026-09-21; `Normalized` gained a `text` field so the writer can emit the `<annotation>`; `-` in runs is emitted as U+2212) Implement `crates/quarto-math/src/mathml.rs`, `Target::MathMl` in
+      `convert.rs`, `render()` arm, crate docs. Runs `split_run` on every
+      `Run` (the pass the parent plan reserved for this).
+- [x] (2026-09-21: `cargo xtask verify --skip-hub-build` green; `cargo check --target wasm32-unknown-unknown -p quarto-math` clean) `cargo xtask verify --skip-hub-build` (quarto-math only), then the
+      full verify once Phase 3 touches `quarto-core`.
+
+**Found while snapshotting (2026-09-21):** the normalizer dropped primes
+(`f'` → `f`; the committed Typst snapshot for `basic/prime` read
+`f ( x ) = f ( x )`). mitex parses `f'` as an attachment with no `^`/`_`
+operator and `attach` returned only the base. Fixed under TDD in this
+phase (5 tests in `normalize.rs`): a prime is a superscript `Sym`, repeated
+primes merge into `″`/`‴`/`⁗`, and `x'^2` shares the superscript slot
+instead of raising a double-superscript error. Six snapshots changed
+(`basic/prime`, `scripts/prime-with-sup` × normalize/OMML/Typst). The
+same fixture exposes a separate mitex quirk, `f''` after `=` taking `= f`
+as its base, filed as bd-0mzhnxft.
+
+### Phase 3 — `MathMlStage` for `format: html` (new strand, stacked on #706 + Phase 1)
+
+- [ ] **End-to-end tests in `math_mode_pipeline.rs`**: `html-math-method:
+      mathml` with inline + display + numbered math → `<math` present, the
+      `\(`/`\[` delimiters absent, no MathJax/KaTeX loader, the numbered
+      equation carries its sibling label; an expression with an unknown
+      command → verbatim TeX span retained, a `Q-22-1` warning in the
+      render diagnostics, and (hybrid, see decisions) the MathJax loader
+      present; a math-free document → no `<math`, no loader; a website with
+      one mathml page and one math-free page.
+- [ ] **Stage unit tests**: converts `Inline::Math` inside paragraphs,
+      headers, list items, table cells and `CustomNode` slots (reuse the
+      walker shape of `doc_has_math`); passes `Math.text_source` (falling
+      back to `source_info`) so diagnostics point into the `.qmd`; leaves
+      failed expressions as `Inline::Math`.
+- [ ] **`MathJsStage` hybrid test**: for method `mathml`, injection happens
+      iff an `Inline::Math` survives the MathML stage.
+- [ ] Implement `crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs`, registered
+      right after `EquationNumberStage`, gated on `MathMethod::MathMl`, using
+      `quarto_math::convert(text, mode, Target::MathMl, &text_source,
+      Spec::builtin())`, `ctx.add_diagnostics` for every conversion.
+      Add `"math-ml"` to `Q2_PREVIEW_STAGE_EXCLUDED` (the preview renders
+      `Inline::Math` with KaTeX client-side).
+- [ ] `MathEngine::from_meta` (via `MathMethod`): `MathMl` maps to the
+      MathJax default engine when leftovers exist, `None` otherwise.
+- [ ] Docs: new `docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd` documenting
+      `html-math-method` (`mathjax` default, `katex`, `mathml` and its
+      browser/font caveats, the hybrid fallback and the `Q-22-*` warnings);
+      link `Q-22-1`'s page to it.
+- [ ] **End-to-end browser verification** (required by CLAUDE.md): render
+      the probe document with `cargo run --bin q2 -- render`, open it in a
+      real browser (Chrome MCP, or the headless Playwright fallback), confirm
+      `document.querySelector('math')` has a non-zero box and the label sits
+      on the right of the numbered equation; screenshot. Record invocation
+      and output snippet here.
+- [ ] Full `cargo xtask verify` (quarto-core changed; hub-client WASM leg
+      picks up the new quarto-math code path).
+
+## Decisions (all settled 2026-09-21, each as recommended)
+
+1. **Attribute key.** `quarto-eq-number` as proposed, or a shorter
+   `eq-number`. Recommendation: `quarto-eq-number`, consistent with the
+   other reserved names.
+2. **Hybrid fallback for `mathml`.** When an expression fails conversion:
+   (a) leave verbatim TeX and load MathJax for the page so it still renders
+   (recommended: the reader sees math; the author sees the `Q-22` warning
+   and can fix the source to drop the dependency), or (b) leave verbatim
+   TeX unrendered, JS-free at any cost. Both keep the warning.
+3. **`\cancel`.** `menclose notation="updiagonalstrike"` is not MathML Core
+   (Firefox renders it, Chrome ignores the strike but shows the content).
+   Recommendation: emit it anyway, no warning, document the limitation;
+   two corpus uses.
+4. **Math fonts.** Native MathML quality depends on an OpenType MATH font
+   being available to the browser. Recommendation for v1: document it, do
+   not ship a font. Revisit if users report rendering gaps.
+5. **`plain` semantics.** Quarto 1 delegates `plain` to Pandoc's
+   text-approximation writer; q2 today emits raw TeX with no loader.
+   Recommendation: keep q2's behaviour (raw TeX, `Qquad` numbering) and
+   leave a text-approximation writer out of scope.
+
+## Out of scope
+
+- Section-prefixed equation numbers (`2.3`); the attribute carries whatever
+  the crossref index produces, and the index produces a flat number today.
+- Numbering for the native docx/Typst/LaTeX writers (`Writer` strategy is
+  a placeholder until those writers exist; #704's Pandoc route uses Quarto
+  1's Lua numbering).
+- A Pandoc-style `plain` text-approximation writer.
+- MathML in the q2-preview iframe (KaTeX stays).
+
+## References
+
+- Quarto 1 numbering: `external-sources/quarto-cli/src/resources/filters/crossref/equations.lua` (`renderEquation`, `eqTag`, `eqQquad`).
+- Pandoc HTML writer math dispatch: `external-sources/pandoc/src/Text/Pandoc/Writers/HTML.hs` (`MathML` arm; `annotateMML`). texmath itself stays off limits (GPL, parent plan).
+- Existing math-mode stage and tests: `crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_js.rs`, `crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs`.
+- Post-filter stage precedent: `CodeHighlightStage`.
+- Phase contract: `claude-notes/designs/transform-pipeline-phases.md`.
+- MathML Core: https://www.w3.org/TR/mathml-core/
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/Cargo.toml b/crates/quarto-math/Cargo.toml
index 1d1261dc2..bcbf44d88 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/Cargo.toml
@@ -33,6 +33,8 @@ spec-gen = ["dep:codex"]
 # The integration tests regenerate the spec through the same code xtask uses.
 quarto-math = { path = ".", features = ["spec-gen"] }
 insta = { workspace = true }
+# The MathML validity test parses every fixture's output.
+quick-xml = { workspace = true }
 # The diagnostics test checks every Q-22 code against the live catalog.
 quarto-error-catalog = { path = "../quarto-error-catalog" }
 
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/src/convert.rs b/crates/quarto-math/src/convert.rs
index 66b66f60d..f277d1eb9 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/src/convert.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/src/convert.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ use crate::ast::Node;
 use crate::diagnostics::diagnostics;
 use crate::normalize::{Mode, Normalized, normalize};
 use crate::spec::Spec;
-use crate::{omml, typst};
+use crate::{mathml, omml, typst};
 
 /// Output language.
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
@@ -30,6 +30,8 @@ pub enum Target {
     Omml,
     /// Plain Typst math, the inside of a `$ … $` block.
     Typst,
+    /// MathML Core, a complete `<math>` element (bd-9z83tcv0).
+    MathMl,
 }
 
 /// Result of [`convert`].
@@ -79,6 +81,7 @@ pub fn render(tree: &Normalized, target: Target) -> String {
     match target {
         Target::Omml => omml::to_omml(tree),
         Target::Typst => typst::to_typst(tree),
+        Target::MathMl => mathml::to_mathml(tree),
     }
 }
 
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/src/lib.rs b/crates/quarto-math/src/lib.rs
index a487ef25b..be5363b2e 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/src/lib.rs
@@ -7,8 +7,8 @@
 //!
 //! One reader (a vendored copy of mitex's LaTeX lexer + parser, under
 //! `vendor/`), a q2-owned command spec, a normalization pass to a small
-//! `MathAst`, and one writer per target (OMML for docx, Typst; MathML is a
-//! follow-up, bd-9z83tcv0). Every node carries a `SourceInfo` derived from
+//! `MathAst`, and one writer per target (OMML for docx, Typst, and MathML
+//! Core for HTML). Every node carries a `SourceInfo` derived from
 //! the math text's own `SourceInfo`, so diagnostics point into the `.qmd`.
 //!
 //! The crate deliberately does **not** depend on `quarto-pandoc-types`: the
@@ -21,6 +21,7 @@
 pub mod ast;
 pub mod convert;
 pub mod diagnostics;
+pub mod mathml;
 pub mod normalize;
 pub mod omml;
 pub mod reader;
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/src/mathml.rs b/crates/quarto-math/src/mathml.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7310aa5f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/src/mathml.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,833 @@
+/*
+ * mathml.rs
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Posit, PBC
+ */
+
+//! `MathAst` → MathML Core (bd-9z83tcv0).
+//!
+//! The output is one complete `<math>` element, ready to drop into HTML,
+//! written against [MathML Core] only: the subset every current browser
+//! renders natively. Two consequences shape the writer:
+//!
+//! - **Token classification is ours.** A coarse mitex run (`4ac`, `i=1`)
+//!   is split by [`crate::split`] into `mi` / `mn` / `mo`, one letter per
+//!   `mi` (TeX semantics, where `ab` is two variables). A single-letter
+//!   `mi` is italic by default in MathML, as in TeX.
+//! - **No `mathvariant` but `normal`.** Core dropped the other values, so
+//!   `\mathbf`, `\mathbb`, `\mathcal`, … map each character into the
+//!   Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block (`𝐱`, `ℝ`, `𝒫`), holes
+//!   included; `\mathrm` alone uses `mathvariant="normal"`.
+//!
+//! The source TeX rides along in `<semantics>` as an
+//! `<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">`, for copy/paste and
+//! assistive tools. One knowingly non-Core element remains: `\cancel`
+//! emits `<menclose notation="updiagonalstrike">`, which Firefox draws and
+//! Chrome ignores (the content still shows); see the plan's decision 3.
+//!
+//! [MathML Core]: https://www.w3.org/TR/mathml-core/
+
+use std::fmt::Write;
+
+use crate::ast::{EnvLayout, FracStyle, LimLoc, Node, NodeKind, Pos, Variant};
+use crate::normalize::{Mode, Normalized};
+use crate::split::{PieceKind, split_run};
+
+/// Big operators whose limits TeX sets beside the operator even in display
+/// math (the integral family); everything else gets them under and over.
+const SIDE_LIMIT_OPERATORS: &str = "∫∬∭∮∯∰⨌";
+
+/// Delimiter characters that appear bare in the source (`(x)`, `[a]`,
+/// `\{`, `|`). TeX does not stretch them, so neither do we; `\left…\right`
+/// fences are emitted separately and stretch.
+const BARE_DELIMITERS: &str = "()[]{}|‖⟨⟩⌈⌉⌊⌋/\\";
+
+/// A complete `<math>` element for a normalized expression.
+pub fn to_mathml(n: &Normalized) -> String {
+    let mut w = Writer {
+        out: String::new(),
+        mode: n.mode,
+    };
+    match n.mode {
+        Mode::Display => w
+            .out
+            .push_str(r#"<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block">"#),
+        Mode::Inline => w
+            .out
+            .push_str(r#"<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML">"#),
+    }
+    w.out.push_str("<semantics>");
+    w.root(&n.root);
+    let _ = write!(
+        w.out,
+        r#"<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{}</annotation></semantics></math>"#,
+        escape_text(&n.text)
+    );
+    w.out
+}
+
+struct Writer {
+    out: String,
+    mode: Mode,
+}
+
+/// Text content escaping (`&`, `<`, `>`).
+fn escape_text(text: &str) -> String {
+    let mut out = String::with_capacity(text.len());
+    for c in text.chars() {
+        match c {
+            '&' => out.push_str("&amp;"),
+            '<' => out.push_str("&lt;"),
+            '>' => out.push_str("&gt;"),
+            _ => out.push(c),
+        }
+    }
+    out
+}
+
+/// Attribute value escaping (adds `"`).
+fn escape_attr(text: &str) -> String {
+    escape_text(text).replace('"', "&quot;")
+}
+
+/// The spacing character MathML uses for a TeX accent, given the combining
+/// character the spec resolves the command to. Combining marks render
+/// poorly as `mover` content; the spacing forms are what the operator
+/// dictionary knows as accents.
+fn accent_char(combining: &str) -> &str {
+    match combining {
+        "\u{302}" => "\u{2c6}",   // hat → ˆ
+        "\u{303}" => "\u{2dc}",   // tilde → ˜
+        "\u{304}" => "\u{af}",    // bar → ¯
+        "\u{306}" => "\u{2d8}",   // breve → ˘
+        "\u{307}" => "\u{2d9}",   // dot → ˙
+        "\u{308}" => "\u{a8}",    // ddot → ¨
+        "\u{20db}" => "\u{20db}", // dddot has no spacing form
+        "\u{20dc}" => "\u{20dc}", // ddddot has no spacing form
+        "\u{301}" => "\u{b4}",    // acute → ´
+        "\u{30b}" => "\u{2dd}",   // double acute → ˝
+        "\u{300}" => "`",         // grave
+        "\u{30c}" => "\u{2c7}",   // check → ˇ
+        "\u{30a}" => "\u{2da}",   // ring → ˚
+        "\u{20d7}" => "\u{2192}", // vec → →
+        "\u{20d6}" => "\u{2190}", // overleftarrow accent → ←
+        "\u{20e1}" => "\u{2194}", // overleftrightarrow accent → ↔
+        "\u{20d1}" => "\u{21c0}", // harpoon → ⇀
+        "\u{20d0}" => "\u{21bc}", // left harpoon → ↼
+        other => other,
+    }
+}
+
+/// `\textcolor` names to CSS colors. Named CSS colors are passed through
+/// (CSS knows every name TeX's `color` package knows); `#rrggbb` and bare
+/// hex triplets are normalized to `#rrggbb`.
+fn css_color(name: &str) -> String {
+    let name = name.trim();
+    let bare = name.trim_start_matches('#');
+    if bare.len() == 6 && bare.chars().all(|c| c.is_ascii_hexdigit()) {
+        return format!("#{}", bare.to_ascii_lowercase());
+    }
+    name.to_ascii_lowercase()
+}
+
+fn format_em(em: f32) -> String {
+    let s = format!("{em:.4}");
+    let s = s.trim_end_matches('0').trim_end_matches('.');
+    s.to_string()
+}
+
+/// Map one character into the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols block for
+/// a font variant. Characters the variant has no glyph for (a digit in
+/// script, punctuation) are returned unchanged.
+pub fn styled_char(c: char, variant: Variant) -> char {
+    use Variant::*;
+    let holes: &[(char, char)] = match variant {
+        Script => &[
+            ('B', 'ℬ'),
+            ('E', 'ℰ'),
+            ('F', 'ℱ'),
+            ('H', 'ℋ'),
+            ('I', 'ℐ'),
+            ('L', 'ℒ'),
+            ('M', 'ℳ'),
+            ('R', 'ℛ'),
+            ('e', 'ℯ'),
+            ('g', 'ℊ'),
+            ('o', 'ℴ'),
+        ],
+        Fraktur => &[('C', 'ℭ'), ('H', 'ℌ'), ('I', 'ℑ'), ('R', 'ℜ'), ('Z', 'ℨ')],
+        DoubleStruck => &[
+            ('C', 'ℂ'),
+            ('H', 'ℍ'),
+            ('N', 'ℕ'),
+            ('P', 'ℙ'),
+            ('Q', 'ℚ'),
+            ('R', 'ℝ'),
+            ('Z', 'ℤ'),
+        ],
+        Italic => &[('h', 'ℎ')],
+        _ => &[],
+    };
+    if let Some((_, mapped)) = holes.iter().find(|(from, _)| *from == c) {
+        return *mapped;
+    }
+    // (upper A, lower a, digit 0, upper Α, lower α) block starts; 0 = none.
+    let (upper, lower, digit, greek_upper, greek_lower) = match variant {
+        Roman => return c,
+        Bold => (0x1D400, 0x1D41A, 0x1D7CE, 0x1D6A8, 0x1D6C2),
+        Italic => (0x1D434, 0x1D44E, 0, 0x1D6E2, 0x1D6FC),
+        BoldItalic => (0x1D468, 0x1D482, 0, 0x1D71C, 0x1D736),
+        Script => (0x1D49C, 0x1D4B6, 0, 0, 0),
+        Fraktur => (0x1D504, 0x1D51E, 0, 0, 0),
+        DoubleStruck => (0x1D538, 0x1D552, 0x1D7D8, 0, 0),
+        Sans => (0x1D5A0, 0x1D5BA, 0x1D7E2, 0, 0),
+        Mono => (0x1D670, 0x1D68A, 0x1D7F6, 0, 0),
+    };
+    let mapped = match c {
+        'A'..='Z' if upper != 0 => upper + (c as u32 - 'A' as u32),
+        'a'..='z' if lower != 0 => lower + (c as u32 - 'a' as u32),
+        '0'..='9' if digit != 0 => digit + (c as u32 - '0' as u32),
+        // Α..Ω (U+0391..U+03A9; U+03A2 is unassigned and the block puts ϴ
+        // there, so the offset is direct).
+        'Α'..='Ω' if greek_upper != 0 && c != '\u{3a2}' => greek_upper + (c as u32 - 'Α' as u32),
+        'α'..='ω' if greek_lower != 0 => greek_lower + (c as u32 - 'α' as u32),
+        _ => return c,
+    };
+    char::from_u32(mapped).unwrap_or(c)
+}
+
+fn styled(text: &str, variant: Option<Variant>) -> String {
+    match variant {
+        None | Some(Variant::Roman) => text.to_string(),
+        Some(v) => text.chars().map(|c| styled_char(c, v)).collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Uppercase Greek is upright in TeX; a lone `mi` would italicize it.
+fn is_upright_greek(text: &str) -> bool {
+    let mut chars = text.chars();
+    matches!((chars.next(), chars.next()), (Some('Α'..='Ω'), None))
+}
+
+impl Writer {
+    /// The root: an `mrow`, or an `mtable` of lines when `\\` appears at
+    /// the top level (TeX would need an environment; we do what the author
+    /// meant).
+    fn root(&mut self, root: &Node) {
+        let items = match &root.kind {
+            NodeKind::Row(items) => items.as_slice(),
+            _ => std::slice::from_ref(root),
+        };
+        if items.iter().any(|n| matches!(n.kind, NodeKind::Break)) {
+            self.out.push_str("<mtable>");
+            for line in split_at_breaks(items) {
+                self.out.push_str("<mtr><mtd>");
+                self.mrow(line, None);
+                self.out.push_str("</mtd></mtr>");
+            }
+            self.out.push_str("</mtable>");
+        } else {
+            self.mrow(items, None);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `<mrow>` around a sequence.
+    fn mrow(&mut self, items: &[Node], variant: Option<Variant>) {
+        self.out.push_str("<mrow>");
+        for item in items {
+            self.node(item, variant);
+        }
+        self.out.push_str("</mrow>");
+    }
+
+    /// One node in a position that needs exactly one element (a script
+    /// base, a fraction part): a single-item row unwraps, and anything
+    /// that would emit several elements (a sequence, a multi-token run, a
+    /// function name with its application operator) gets an `mrow`.
+    fn arg(&mut self, node: &Node, variant: Option<Variant>) {
+        match &node.kind {
+            NodeKind::Row(items) if items.len() == 1 => self.arg(&items[0], variant),
+            NodeKind::Row(items) => self.mrow(items, variant),
+            _ if !emits_one_element(node) => {
+                self.out.push_str("<mrow>");
+                self.node(node, variant);
+                self.out.push_str("</mrow>");
+            }
+            _ => self.node(node, variant),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn run(&mut self, text: &str, variant: Option<Variant>) {
+        for piece in split_run(text, None) {
+            match piece.kind {
+                PieceKind::Identifier => self.mi(&piece.text, variant),
+                PieceKind::Number => {
+                    let _ = write!(
+                        self.out,
+                        "<mn>{}</mn>",
+                        escape_text(&styled(&piece.text, variant))
+                    );
+                }
+                PieceKind::Operator => {
+                    // TeX's `-` is a minus sign in math; a hyphen renders
+                    // short. `'` outside an attachment is a prime.
+                    let text = match piece.text.as_str() {
+                        "-" => "\u{2212}",
+                        "'" => "′",
+                        other => other,
+                    };
+                    self.mo(text, variant, false);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn mi(&mut self, text: &str, variant: Option<Variant>) {
+        let upright = matches!(variant, Some(Variant::Roman)) || is_upright_greek(text);
+        if upright && text.chars().count() == 1 {
+            let _ = write!(
+                self.out,
+                r#"<mi mathvariant="normal">{}</mi>"#,
+                escape_text(text)
+            );
+        } else {
+            let _ = write!(self.out, "<mi>{}</mi>", escape_text(&styled(text, variant)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// An operator; `fence` marks a `\left…\right` delimiter, which
+    /// stretches. Bare delimiter characters explicitly do not.
+    fn mo(&mut self, text: &str, variant: Option<Variant>, fence: bool) {
+        let bare = !fence
+            && text.chars().count() == 1
+            && text
+                .chars()
+                .next()
+                .is_some_and(|c| BARE_DELIMITERS.contains(c));
+        let attrs = if fence {
+            r#" stretchy="true""#
+        } else if bare {
+            r#" stretchy="false""#
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+        let _ = write!(
+            self.out,
+            "<mo{attrs}>{}</mo>",
+            escape_text(&styled(text, variant))
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn sym(&mut self, text: &str, variant: Option<Variant>) {
+        let alphabetic = text.chars().all(|c| c.is_alphabetic());
+        if alphabetic {
+            self.mi(text, variant);
+        } else {
+            self.mo(text, variant, false);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn under_over(&self, limits: LimLoc, operator: &str) -> bool {
+        match limits {
+            LimLoc::UndOvr => true,
+            LimLoc::SubSup => false,
+            LimLoc::Auto => {
+                let side = operator
+                    .chars()
+                    .next()
+                    .is_some_and(|c| SIDE_LIMIT_OPERATORS.contains(c));
+                self.mode == Mode::Display && !side
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Attach `sub`/`sup` to an already-emitted-by-closure base as scripts
+    /// (`msub`…) or limits (`munder`…).
+    fn attach(
+        &mut self,
+        base: impl FnOnce(&mut Self),
+        sub: Option<&Node>,
+        sup: Option<&Node>,
+        under_over: bool,
+        variant: Option<Variant>,
+    ) {
+        let tag = match (sub.is_some(), sup.is_some(), under_over) {
+            (false, false, _) => {
+                base(self);
+                return;
+            }
+            (true, true, false) => "msubsup",
+            (true, false, false) => "msub",
+            (false, true, false) => "msup",
+            (true, true, true) => "munderover",
+            (true, false, true) => "munder",
+            (false, true, true) => "mover",
+        };
+        let _ = write!(self.out, "<{tag}>");
+        base(self);
+        if let Some(sub) = sub {
+            self.arg(sub, variant);
+        }
+        if let Some(sup) = sup {
+            self.arg(sup, variant);
+        }
+        let _ = write!(self.out, "</{tag}>");
+    }
+
+    fn nary(
+        &mut self,
+        text: &str,
+        limits: LimLoc,
+        sub: Option<&Node>,
+        sup: Option<&Node>,
+        variant: Option<Variant>,
+    ) {
+        let under_over = self.under_over(limits, text);
+        // `movablelimits` is what lets the operator dictionary move limits
+        // to the side inline; when the author forced `\limits`, pin them.
+        let attrs = if limits == LimLoc::UndOvr {
+            r#" movablelimits="false""#
+        } else {
+            ""
+        };
+        let text = text.to_string();
+        self.attach(
+            |w| {
+                let _ = write!(w.out, "<mo{attrs}>{}</mo>", escape_text(&text));
+            },
+            sub,
+            sup,
+            under_over,
+            variant,
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn func(
+        &mut self,
+        name: &str,
+        limits: LimLoc,
+        sub: Option<&Node>,
+        sup: Option<&Node>,
+        variant: Option<Variant>,
+    ) {
+        let under_over = self.under_over(limits, name);
+        let name = name.to_string();
+        self.attach(
+            |w| {
+                let _ = write!(w.out, "<mi>{}</mi>", escape_text(&name));
+            },
+            sub,
+            sup,
+            under_over,
+            variant,
+        );
+        // U+2061 FUNCTION APPLICATION: invisible, but it tells layout and
+        // assistive technology that `sin x` is an application.
+        self.out.push_str("<mo>\u{2061}</mo>");
+    }
+
+    fn group_chr(&mut self, text: &str, pos: Pos, body: &Node, variant: Option<Variant>) {
+        let (tag, attr) = match pos {
+            Pos::Top => ("mover", "accent"),
+            Pos::Bot => ("munder", "accentunder"),
+        };
+        let _ = write!(self.out, r#"<{tag} {attr}="true">"#);
+        self.arg(body, variant);
+        let _ = write!(
+            self.out,
+            r#"<mo stretchy="true">{}</mo></{tag}>"#,
+            escape_text(text)
+        );
+    }
+
+    fn scripts(
+        &mut self,
+        base: &Node,
+        sub: Option<&Node>,
+        sup: Option<&Node>,
+        limits: LimLoc,
+        variant: Option<Variant>,
+    ) {
+        match &unwrap_row(base).kind {
+            NodeKind::Nary { text, .. } => return self.nary(text, limits, sub, sup, variant),
+            NodeKind::Func { name, .. } => return self.func(name, limits, sub, sup, variant),
+            // `\underbrace{x}_{n}`: the script is the brace's label.
+            NodeKind::GroupChr {
+                text,
+                pos: Pos::Bot,
+                body,
+            } if sub.is_some() && sup.is_none() => {
+                self.out.push_str("<munder>");
+                self.group_chr(text, Pos::Bot, body, variant);
+                self.arg(sub.unwrap(), variant);
+                self.out.push_str("</munder>");
+                return;
+            }
+            NodeKind::GroupChr {
+                text,
+                pos: Pos::Top,
+                body,
+            } if sup.is_some() && sub.is_none() => {
+                self.out.push_str("<mover>");
+                self.group_chr(text, Pos::Top, body, variant);
+                self.arg(sup.unwrap(), variant);
+                self.out.push_str("</mover>");
+                return;
+            }
+            _ => {}
+        }
+        self.attach(|w| w.arg(base, variant), sub, sup, false, variant);
+    }
+
+    fn matrix(
+        &mut self,
+        layout: EnvLayout,
+        delims: Option<&(String, String)>,
+        rows: &[Vec<Node>],
+        variant: Option<Variant>,
+    ) {
+        let cols = rows.iter().map(Vec::len).max().unwrap_or(1).max(1);
+        let (open, close, align): (Option<&str>, Option<&str>, Option<String>) = match layout {
+            EnvLayout::Matrix => (
+                delims.map(|(l, _)| l.as_str()),
+                delims.map(|(_, r)| r.as_str()),
+                None,
+            ),
+            EnvLayout::Cases => (Some("{"), None, Some("left".to_string())),
+            EnvLayout::Rcases => (None, Some("}"), Some("left".to_string())),
+            EnvLayout::Aligned => (
+                None,
+                None,
+                Some(
+                    (0..cols)
+                        .map(|i| if i % 2 == 0 { "right" } else { "left" })
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(" "),
+                ),
+            ),
+            EnvLayout::Gathered => (None, None, None),
+        };
+        let fenced = open.is_some() || close.is_some();
+        if fenced {
+            self.out.push_str("<mrow>");
+            if let Some(l) = open {
+                self.mo(l, None, true);
+            }
+        }
+        match align {
+            Some(a) => {
+                let _ = write!(self.out, r#"<mtable columnalign="{a}">"#);
+            }
+            None => self.out.push_str("<mtable>"),
+        }
+        if rows.is_empty() {
+            self.out.push_str("<mtr><mtd></mtd></mtr>");
+        }
+        for row in rows {
+            self.out.push_str("<mtr>");
+            for cell in row {
+                self.out.push_str("<mtd>");
+                self.arg(cell, variant);
+                self.out.push_str("</mtd>");
+            }
+            for _ in row.len()..cols {
+                self.out.push_str("<mtd></mtd>");
+            }
+            self.out.push_str("</mtr>");
+        }
+        self.out.push_str("</mtable>");
+        if fenced {
+            if let Some(r) = close {
+                self.mo(r, None, true);
+            }
+            self.out.push_str("</mrow>");
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn node(&mut self, node: &Node, variant: Option<Variant>) {
+        use NodeKind::*;
+        match &node.kind {
+            Row(items) => self.mrow(items, variant),
+            Run(t) => self.run(t, variant),
+            Sym(t) => self.sym(t, variant),
+            Space(em) => {
+                let _ = write!(
+                    self.out,
+                    r#"<mspace width="{}em"></mspace>"#,
+                    format_em(*em)
+                );
+            }
+            Frac { style, num, den } => {
+                let (open, close) = match style {
+                    FracStyle::Display => (r#"<mstyle displaystyle="true">"#, "</mstyle>"),
+                    FracStyle::Text => (r#"<mstyle displaystyle="false">"#, "</mstyle>"),
+                    FracStyle::Binom => (r#"<mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo>"#, ""),
+                    _ => ("", ""),
+                };
+                self.out.push_str(open);
+                match style {
+                    FracStyle::NoBar | FracStyle::Binom => {
+                        self.out.push_str(r#"<mfrac linethickness="0">"#);
+                    }
+                    _ => self.out.push_str("<mfrac>"),
+                }
+                self.arg(num, variant);
+                self.arg(den, variant);
+                self.out.push_str("</mfrac>");
+                if *style == FracStyle::Binom {
+                    self.out.push_str(r#"<mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow>"#);
+                } else {
+                    self.out.push_str(close);
+                }
+            }
+            Sqrt { degree, body } => match degree {
+                Some(d) => {
+                    self.out.push_str("<mroot>");
+                    self.arg(body, variant);
+                    self.arg(d, variant);
+                    self.out.push_str("</mroot>");
+                }
+                None => {
+                    self.out.push_str("<msqrt>");
+                    self.arg(body, variant);
+                    self.out.push_str("</msqrt>");
+                }
+            },
+            Scripts {
+                base,
+                sub,
+                sup,
+                limits,
+            } => self.scripts(base, sub.as_deref(), sup.as_deref(), *limits, variant),
+            Nary { text, limits } => self.nary(text, *limits, None, None, variant),
+            Func { name, limits } => self.func(name, *limits, None, None, variant),
+            Delimited { left, right, parts } => {
+                self.out.push_str("<mrow>");
+                if let Some(l) = left {
+                    self.mo(l, None, true);
+                }
+                for (i, part) in parts.iter().enumerate() {
+                    if i > 0 {
+                        self.mo("|", None, true);
+                    }
+                    self.arg(part, variant);
+                }
+                if let Some(r) = right {
+                    self.mo(r, None, true);
+                }
+                self.out.push_str("</mrow>");
+            }
+            Accent { text, body } => {
+                self.out.push_str(r#"<mover accent="true">"#);
+                self.arg(body, variant);
+                let _ = write!(
+                    self.out,
+                    "<mo>{}</mo></mover>",
+                    escape_text(accent_char(text))
+                );
+            }
+            Bar { pos, body } => {
+                let (tag, attr, line) = match pos {
+                    Pos::Top => ("mover", "accent", "\u{203e}"),
+                    Pos::Bot => ("munder", "accentunder", "\u{5f}"),
+                };
+                let _ = write!(self.out, r#"<{tag} {attr}="true">"#);
+                self.arg(body, variant);
+                let _ = write!(self.out, r#"<mo stretchy="true">{line}</mo></{tag}>"#);
+            }
+            GroupChr { text, pos, body } => self.group_chr(text, *pos, body, variant),
+            LimPos {
+                pos,
+                annotation,
+                body,
+            } => {
+                let tag = match pos {
+                    Pos::Top => "mover",
+                    Pos::Bot => "munder",
+                };
+                let _ = write!(self.out, "<{tag}>");
+                self.arg(body, variant);
+                self.arg(annotation, variant);
+                let _ = write!(self.out, "</{tag}>");
+            }
+            XArrow { text, above, below } => {
+                let text = text.clone();
+                self.attach(
+                    |w| {
+                        let _ = write!(w.out, r#"<mo stretchy="true">{}</mo>"#, escape_text(&text));
+                    },
+                    below.as_deref(),
+                    above.as_deref(),
+                    true,
+                    variant,
+                );
+            }
+            Style { variant: v, body } => self.arg(body, Some(*v)),
+            Text { variant: v, text } => {
+                // Token elements trim edge whitespace; TeX keeps it.
+                let mut s = styled(text, Some(*v));
+                if s.starts_with(' ') {
+                    s.replace_range(..1, "\u{a0}");
+                }
+                if s.ends_with(' ') {
+                    let n = s.len();
+                    s.replace_range(n - 1.., "\u{a0}");
+                }
+                let _ = write!(self.out, "<mtext>{}</mtext>", escape_text(&s));
+            }
+            Phantom { h, v, body } => {
+                let (open, close) = match (h, v) {
+                    (true, true) => ("", ""),
+                    (true, false) => (r#"<mpadded height="0" depth="0">"#, "</mpadded>"),
+                    (false, true) => (r#"<mpadded width="0">"#, "</mpadded>"),
+                    (false, false) => ("", ""),
+                };
+                self.out.push_str(open);
+                self.out.push_str("<mphantom>");
+                self.arg(body, variant);
+                self.out.push_str("</mphantom>");
+                self.out.push_str(close);
+            }
+            Cancel(body) => {
+                self.out
+                    .push_str(r#"<menclose notation="updiagonalstrike">"#);
+                self.arg(body, variant);
+                self.out.push_str("</menclose>");
+            }
+            Color { color, body } => {
+                let _ = write!(
+                    self.out,
+                    r#"<mstyle mathcolor="{}">"#,
+                    escape_attr(&css_color(color))
+                );
+                self.arg(body, variant);
+                self.out.push_str("</mstyle>");
+            }
+            Matrix {
+                layout,
+                delims,
+                rows,
+            } => self.matrix(*layout, delims.as_ref(), rows, variant),
+            Break => {
+                // Handled at the root; inside environments normalization
+                // consumed it.
+            }
+            Error { verbatim, .. } => {
+                let _ = write!(
+                    self.out,
+                    "<merror><mtext>{}</mtext></merror>",
+                    escape_text(verbatim)
+                );
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether [`Writer::node`] emits exactly one element for `node`. Rows
+/// are handled by the caller; a function name is followed by its
+/// U+2061 application operator, so it (and scripts on it) emit two.
+fn emits_one_element(node: &Node) -> bool {
+    match &node.kind {
+        NodeKind::Row(items) => items.len() != 1 || emits_one_element(&items[0]),
+        NodeKind::Run(text) => split_run(text, None).len() == 1,
+        NodeKind::Func { .. } => false,
+        NodeKind::Scripts { base, .. } => !matches!(unwrap_row(base).kind, NodeKind::Func { .. }),
+        NodeKind::Style { body, .. } => emits_one_element(body),
+        NodeKind::Break => false,
+        _ => true,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Look through single-item rows (brace groups around one node).
+fn unwrap_row(node: &Node) -> &Node {
+    match &node.kind {
+        NodeKind::Row(items) if items.len() == 1 => unwrap_row(&items[0]),
+        _ => node,
+    }
+}
+
+fn split_at_breaks(items: &[Node]) -> Vec<&[Node]> {
+    let mut lines = Vec::new();
+    let mut start = 0;
+    for (i, item) in items.iter().enumerate() {
+        if matches!(item.kind, NodeKind::Break) {
+            lines.push(&items[start..i]);
+            start = i + 1;
+        }
+    }
+    lines.push(&items[start..]);
+    lines
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn styled_char_covers_every_variant_and_hole() {
+        use Variant::*;
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('A', Bold), '𝐀');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('z', Bold), '𝐳');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('7', Bold), '𝟕');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('β', Bold), '𝛃');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('Σ', Bold), '𝚺');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('a', Italic), '𝑎');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('h', Italic), 'ℎ');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('β', BoldItalic), '𝜷');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('P', Script), '𝒫');
+        for (c, expected) in [
+            ('B', 'ℬ'),
+            ('E', 'ℰ'),
+            ('F', 'ℱ'),
+            ('H', 'ℋ'),
+            ('I', 'ℐ'),
+            ('L', 'ℒ'),
+            ('M', 'ℳ'),
+            ('R', 'ℛ'),
+            ('e', 'ℯ'),
+            ('g', 'ℊ'),
+            ('o', 'ℴ'),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(styled_char(c, Script), expected, "script {c}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('A', Fraktur), '𝔄');
+        for (c, expected) in [('C', 'ℭ'), ('H', 'ℌ'), ('I', 'ℑ'), ('R', 'ℜ'), ('Z', 'ℨ')]
+        {
+            assert_eq!(styled_char(c, Fraktur), expected, "fraktur {c}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('A', DoubleStruck), '𝔸');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('1', DoubleStruck), '𝟙');
+        for (c, expected) in [
+            ('C', 'ℂ'),
+            ('H', 'ℍ'),
+            ('N', 'ℕ'),
+            ('P', 'ℙ'),
+            ('Q', 'ℚ'),
+            ('R', 'ℝ'),
+            ('Z', 'ℤ'),
+        ] {
+            assert_eq!(styled_char(c, DoubleStruck), expected, "double-struck {c}");
+        }
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('A', Sans), '𝖠');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('0', Sans), '𝟢');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('a', Mono), '𝚊');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('9', Mono), '𝟿');
+        // No glyph for the variant: unchanged.
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('3', Script), '3');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('+', Bold), '+');
+        assert_eq!(styled_char('x', Roman), 'x');
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn accents_use_spacing_forms() {
+        assert_eq!(accent_char("\u{302}"), "ˆ");
+        assert_eq!(accent_char("\u{20d7}"), "→");
+        assert_eq!(accent_char("\u{20db}"), "\u{20db}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn colors_become_css() {
+        assert_eq!(css_color("red"), "red");
+        assert_eq!(css_color("#FF00aa"), "#ff00aa");
+        assert_eq!(css_color("00FF00"), "#00ff00");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/src/normalize.rs b/crates/quarto-math/src/normalize.rs
index 62da177c1..d8df18509 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/src/normalize.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/src/normalize.rs
@@ -63,6 +63,10 @@ pub struct Problem {
 #[derive(Debug, Clone)]
 pub struct Normalized {
     pub mode: Mode,
+    /// The math text the tree was built from; every node span indexes it.
+    /// Writers that annotate their output with the source (MathML's
+    /// `<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">`) read it from here.
+    pub text: String,
     /// Always a `Row` spanning the whole text.
     pub root: Node,
     pub problems: Vec<Problem>,
@@ -77,6 +81,7 @@ pub fn normalize(text: &str, mode: Mode, spec: &Spec) -> Normalized {
     let root = Node::new(NodeKind::Row(items), Some(0..text.len()));
     Normalized {
         mode,
+        text: text.to_string(),
         root,
         problems: n.problems,
     }
@@ -101,6 +106,41 @@ fn join(a: Option<Range<usize>>, b: Option<Range<usize>>) -> Option<Range<usize>
     }
 }
 
+/// A `Sym` made only of prime marks (`′`, `″`, `‴`, `⁗`).
+fn is_prime(node: &Node) -> bool {
+    matches!(&node.kind, NodeKind::Sym(t) if !t.is_empty() && t.chars().all(|c| matches!(c, '′' | '″' | '‴' | '⁗')))
+}
+
+/// How many primes a prime `Sym` stands for.
+fn prime_count(node: &Node) -> usize {
+    match &node.kind {
+        NodeKind::Sym(t) => t
+            .chars()
+            .map(|c| match c {
+                '′' => 1,
+                '″' => 2,
+                '‴' => 3,
+                '⁗' => 4,
+                _ => 0,
+            })
+            .sum(),
+        _ => 0,
+    }
+}
+
+/// The glyph for `n` primes: Unicode has single to quadruple, longer runs
+/// spell out the rest.
+fn prime_glyph(n: usize) -> String {
+    match n {
+        0 => String::new(),
+        1 => "′".to_string(),
+        2 => "″".to_string(),
+        3 => "‴".to_string(),
+        4 => "⁗".to_string(),
+        more => "⁗".to_string() + &prime_glyph(more - 4),
+    }
+}
+
 fn span_of_nodes(nodes: &[Node]) -> Option<Range<usize>> {
     nodes.iter().fold(None, |acc, n| join(acc, n.span.clone()))
 }
@@ -833,10 +873,25 @@ impl<'a> Normalizer<'a> {
             }
         }
         let script_span = span_of_nodes(&script_items);
-        let script = unwrap_single(script_items, script_span);
         let base = base.unwrap_or_else(|| Node::new(NodeKind::Row(vec![]), None));
-        let Some(op) = op else {
-            return base;
+        let (op, script) = match op {
+            Some(op) => (op, unwrap_single(script_items, script_span)),
+            None => {
+                // No `^`/`_`: this is mitex's shape for `f'`. The prime is
+                // a superscript (`f'` ≡ `f^{\prime}`); several merge into
+                // one glyph. Anything else here is unexpected; keep it
+                // rather than drop it.
+                let primes = script_items.iter().filter(|n| is_prime(n)).count();
+                if primes == 0 || primes != script_items.len() {
+                    let mut items = vec![base];
+                    items.extend(script_items);
+                    return Node::new(NodeKind::Row(items), span);
+                }
+                (
+                    '^',
+                    Node::new(NodeKind::Sym(prime_glyph(primes)), script_span),
+                )
+            }
         };
 
         // Fold onto an existing Scripts node from the inner attachment.
@@ -845,10 +900,26 @@ impl<'a> Normalizer<'a> {
         match &mut target.kind {
             NodeKind::Scripts { sub, sup, .. } => {
                 let slot = if op == '^' { sup } else { sub };
-                if slot.is_none() {
-                    *slot = Some(Box::new(script));
-                } else {
-                    rejected = Some(script);
+                match slot.as_deref_mut() {
+                    None => *slot = Some(Box::new(script)),
+                    // `f'^2` is `f^{\prime 2}`, and `f''` folds prime onto
+                    // prime: the superscript slot is shared, not doubled.
+                    Some(existing) if op == '^' && is_prime(existing) => {
+                        let merged_span = match (&existing.span, &script.span) {
+                            (Some(a), Some(b)) => Some(a.start.min(b.start)..a.end.max(b.end)),
+                            _ => None,
+                        };
+                        if is_prime(&script) {
+                            let count = prime_count(existing) + prime_count(&script);
+                            existing.kind = NodeKind::Sym(prime_glyph(count));
+                            existing.span = merged_span;
+                        } else {
+                            let prime =
+                                std::mem::replace(existing, Node::new(NodeKind::Row(vec![]), None));
+                            *existing = Node::new(NodeKind::Row(vec![prime, script]), merged_span);
+                        }
+                    }
+                    Some(_) => rejected = Some(script),
                 }
                 target.span = span.clone();
             }
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/main.rs b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/main.rs
index d324f3b1b..d2931a125 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/main.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/main.rs
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 pub mod convert;
 pub mod diagnostics;
 pub mod fixture_corpus;
+pub mod mathml;
 pub mod normalize;
 pub mod omml;
 pub mod omml_schema;
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2bc58773d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+//! `MathAst` → MathML Core (bd-9z83tcv0).
+//!
+//! Every fixture is snapshotted, and the whole corpus is checked for
+//! *validity* the way the Typst corpus is checked by compiling: each
+//! output must be well-formed XML, use only elements MathML Core defines
+//! (plus `menclose`, decision 3 of the plan), give every fixed-arity
+//! element exactly the children it takes, and never set `mathvariant` to
+//! anything but `normal`. Then the syntax choices are asserted directly.
+
+use std::collections::BTreeSet;
+
+use quick_xml::Reader;
+use quick_xml::events::Event;
+
+use quarto_math::mathml::to_mathml;
+use quarto_math::normalize::{Mode, normalize};
+use quarto_math::spec::Spec;
+
+use crate::fixture_corpus::{Fixture, load_all};
+
+fn mml(text: &str) -> String {
+    to_mathml(&normalize(text, Mode::Inline, Spec::builtin()))
+}
+
+fn mml_display(text: &str) -> String {
+    to_mathml(&normalize(text, Mode::Display, Spec::builtin()))
+}
+
+/// The body between `<semantics>` and `<annotation`, so assertions read
+/// the structure without the boilerplate.
+fn body(text: &str) -> String {
+    let full = mml(text);
+    inner(&full)
+}
+
+fn body_display(text: &str) -> String {
+    inner(&mml_display(text))
+}
+
+fn inner(full: &str) -> String {
+    let start = full.find("<semantics>").expect("semantics") + "<semantics>".len();
+    let end = full.find("<annotation").expect("annotation");
+    full[start..end].to_string()
+}
+
+fn mode_of(fx: &Fixture) -> Mode {
+    if fx.display {
+        Mode::Display
+    } else {
+        Mode::Inline
+    }
+}
+
+fn assert_contains(haystack: &str, needle: &str) {
+    assert!(
+        haystack.contains(needle),
+        "expected {needle:?} in:\n{haystack}"
+    );
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Validity
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+/// Elements MathML Core defines, plus `menclose` (decision 3).
+const CORE_ELEMENTS: &[&str] = &[
+    "math",
+    "semantics",
+    "annotation",
+    "mrow",
+    "mi",
+    "mn",
+    "mo",
+    "mtext",
+    "mspace",
+    "ms",
+    "msub",
+    "msup",
+    "msubsup",
+    "munder",
+    "mover",
+    "munderover",
+    "mfrac",
+    "msqrt",
+    "mroot",
+    "mtable",
+    "mtr",
+    "mtd",
+    "mstyle",
+    "mpadded",
+    "mphantom",
+    "merror",
+    "menclose",
+];
+
+/// Elements whose child count MathML fixes.
+fn required_children(name: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+    Some(match name {
+        "mfrac" | "msub" | "msup" | "munder" | "mover" | "mroot" => 2,
+        "msubsup" | "munderover" => 3,
+        _ => return None,
+    })
+}
+
+/// Check one `<math>` document; returns the problems found.
+fn validity_problems(xml: &str) -> Vec<String> {
+    let mut problems = Vec::new();
+    let mut reader = Reader::from_str(xml);
+    // (element name, children so far)
+    let mut stack: Vec<(String, usize)> = Vec::new();
+    let count_child = |stack: &mut Vec<(String, usize)>| {
+        if let Some(top) = stack.last_mut() {
+            top.1 += 1;
+        }
+    };
+    loop {
+        match reader.read_event() {
+            Ok(ev @ (Event::Start(_) | Event::Empty(_))) => {
+                let (e, self_closing) = match ev {
+                    Event::Start(e) => (e, false),
+                    Event::Empty(e) => (e, true),
+                    _ => unreachable!(),
+                };
+                let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(e.name().as_ref()).to_string();
+                if !CORE_ELEMENTS.contains(&name.as_str()) {
+                    problems.push(format!("non-Core element <{name}>"));
+                }
+                for attr in e.attributes().flatten() {
+                    let key = String::from_utf8_lossy(attr.key.as_ref()).to_string();
+                    let value = String::from_utf8_lossy(&attr.value).to_string();
+                    if key == "mathvariant" && value != "normal" {
+                        problems.push(format!("mathvariant={value:?} on <{name}> is not Core"));
+                    }
+                    if key == "mathvariant" && name != "mi" {
+                        problems.push(format!("mathvariant on <{name}> (Core allows it on mi)"));
+                    }
+                }
+                count_child(&mut stack);
+                if !self_closing {
+                    stack.push((name, 0));
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(Event::End(e)) => {
+                let name = String::from_utf8_lossy(e.name().as_ref()).to_string();
+                let (open, children) = stack.pop().expect("balanced");
+                assert_eq!(open, name, "mismatched close tag");
+                if let Some(n) = required_children(&name)
+                    && children != n
+                {
+                    problems.push(format!("<{name}> has {children} children, needs {n}"));
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(Event::Text(_)) => {}
+            Ok(Event::Eof) => break,
+            Ok(_) => {}
+            Err(e) => {
+                problems.push(format!("not well-formed: {e}"));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    problems
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn every_fixture_is_valid_mathml_core() {
+    let mut failures = Vec::new();
+    let mut elements = BTreeSet::new();
+    for fx in load_all() {
+        let n = normalize(&fx.text, mode_of(&fx), Spec::builtin());
+        let xml = to_mathml(&n);
+        let problems = validity_problems(&xml);
+        if !problems.is_empty() {
+            failures.push(format!(
+                "{}:\n  {}\n  {xml}",
+                fx.id(),
+                problems.join("\n  ")
+            ));
+        }
+        let mut reader = Reader::from_str(&xml);
+        while let Ok(ev) = reader.read_event() {
+            match ev {
+                Event::Start(e) | Event::Empty(e) => {
+                    elements.insert(String::from_utf8_lossy(e.name().as_ref()).to_string());
+                }
+                Event::Eof => break,
+                _ => {}
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    assert!(
+        failures.is_empty(),
+        "{} fixture(s) produced invalid MathML:\n{}",
+        failures.len(),
+        failures.join("\n")
+    );
+    // The corpus exercises the structural elements, not just tokens.
+    for must in [
+        "mfrac",
+        "msqrt",
+        "mroot",
+        "msubsup",
+        "munderover",
+        "mtable",
+        "mover",
+    ] {
+        assert!(elements.contains(must), "corpus never emitted <{must}>");
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn snapshot_every_fixture() {
+    for fx in load_all() {
+        let n = normalize(&fx.text, mode_of(&fx), Spec::builtin());
+        let name = format!("mathml__{}", fx.id().replace('/', "__").replace('.', "_"));
+        insta::assert_snapshot!(name, to_mathml(&n));
+    }
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Envelope
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[test]
+fn envelope_carries_display_and_the_source_tex() {
+    let inline = mml("x<y");
+    assert!(inline.starts_with(r#"<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics>"#));
+    assert!(inline.ends_with(
+        r#"<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x&lt;y</annotation></semantics></math>"#
+    ));
+    let display = mml_display("x");
+    assert!(display.starts_with(
+        r#"<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics>"#
+    ));
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Tokens
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[test]
+fn runs_split_into_mi_mn_mo() {
+    assert_eq!(body("4ac"), "<mrow><mn>4</mn><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(body("3.14"), "<mrow><mn>3.14</mn></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(
+        body("x>0"),
+        "<mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body("a-b"),
+        "<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>\u{2212}</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+    // A prime is a superscript (`f'` ≡ `f^{\prime}`), so it scripts.
+    assert_eq!(body("f'"), "<mrow><msup><mi>f</mi><mo>′</mo></msup></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(
+        body("x'^2"),
+        "<mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mo>′</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow>"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn symbols_classify_by_alphabet() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\alpha \to \infty"),
+        "<mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>→</mo><mo>∞</mo></mrow>"
+    );
+    // Uppercase Greek is upright in TeX.
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\Gamma"),
+        r#"<mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"a \leq b"),
+        "<mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>≤</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bare_delimiters_do_not_stretch_but_left_right_fences_do() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body("(x)"),
+        r#"<mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\left( x \right)"),
+        r#"<mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\left. x \right|"),
+        r#"<mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">|</mo></mrow></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_contains(
+        &body(r"\left\{ x \middle| y \right\}"),
+        r#"<mo stretchy="true">{</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">|</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="true">}</mo>"#,
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn spaces_become_mspace_including_negative() {
+    assert_contains(&body(r"a\,b"), r#"<mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace>"#);
+    assert_contains(&body(r"a\qquad b"), r#"<mspace width="2em"></mspace>"#);
+    assert_contains(&body(r"a\!b"), r#"<mspace width="-0.1667em"></mspace>"#);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn text_keeps_edge_spaces_and_escapes() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\text{ if }"),
+        "<mrow><mtext>\u{a0}if\u{a0}</mtext></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\text{a<b}"), "<mrow><mtext>a&lt;b</mtext></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\textbf{ok}"), "<mrow><mtext>𝐨𝐤</mtext></mrow>");
+}
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Structure
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#[test]
+fn fractions_roots_and_scripts() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\frac{a}{b}"),
+        "<mrow><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\frac{a+b}{2}"),
+        "<mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\dfrac{a}{b}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac></mstyle></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\binom{n}{k}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mfrac linethickness="0"><mi>n</mi><mi>k</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\sqrt{x}"), "<mrow><msqrt><mi>x</mi></msqrt></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\sqrt[3]{x}"),
+        "<mrow><mroot><mi>x</mi><mn>3</mn></mroot></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body("x^2"),
+        "<mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body("x_i^2"),
+        "<mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body("x_{i+1}"),
+        "<mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow>"
+    );
+    // A multi-token run as a base is grouped.
+    assert_eq!(
+        body("{ab}^2"),
+        "<mrow><msup><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn big_operators_place_limits_by_mode() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display(r"\sum_{i=1}^{n} i"),
+        "<mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></munderover><mi>i</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\sum_{i=1}^{n} i"),
+        "<mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup><mi>i</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+    // Integrals keep side limits even in display math.
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display(r"\int_0^1 f"),
+        "<mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mn>1</mn></msubsup><mi>f</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+    // `\limits` pins them under/over regardless of mode.
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\sum\limits_{i} x"),
+        r#"<mrow><munder><mo movablelimits="false">∑</mo><mi>i</mi></munder><mi>x</mi></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display(r"\sum\nolimits_{i} x"),
+        "<mrow><msub><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></msub><mi>x</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn functions_get_function_application() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\sin x"),
+        "<mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>\u{2061}</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display(r"\lim_{x \to 0} f"),
+        "<mrow><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>→</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></munder><mo>\u{2061}</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+    // The spec pins `\lim` to under/over limits (`limits: und-ovr`), so
+    // inline math keeps them under too; `auto` functions follow the mode.
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\lim_{x \to 0} f"),
+        "<mrow><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>→</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></munder><mo>\u{2061}</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\operatorname{argmax}_x f"),
+        "<mrow><msub><mi>argmax</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>\u{2061}</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn accents_bars_braces_and_stacks() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\hat{x}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\vec{v}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>v</mi><mo>→</mo></mover></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\overline{x+y}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\underline{x}"),
+        r#"<mrow><munder accentunder="true"><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">_</mo></munder></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\underbrace{a+b}_{n}"),
+        r#"<mrow><munder><munder accentunder="true"><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">⏟</mo></munder><mi>n</mi></munder></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\overbrace{a+b}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">⏞</mo></mover></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\overset{!}{=}"),
+        "<mrow><mover><mo>=</mo><mo>!</mo></mover></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"a \xrightarrow{f} b"),
+        r#"<mrow><mi>a</mi><mover><mo stretchy="true">→</mo><mi>f</mi></mover><mi>b</mi></mrow>"#
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn styles_map_into_the_alphanumeric_block() {
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\mathbf{x}"), "<mrow><mi>𝐱</mi></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\mathbf{ab}"),
+        "<mrow><mrow><mi>𝐚</mi><mi>𝐛</mi></mrow></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\mathbb{R}"), "<mrow><mi>ℝ</mi></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\mathcal{P}"), "<mrow><mi>𝒫</mi></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\mathfrak{g}"), "<mrow><mi>𝔤</mi></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\boldsymbol{\beta}"), "<mrow><mi>𝜷</mi></mrow>");
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\mathrm{d}x"),
+        r#"<mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(body(r"\mathbf{2}"), "<mrow><mn>𝟐</mn></mrow>");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn phantoms_cancel_and_color() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\phantom{x}"),
+        "<mrow><mphantom><mi>x</mi></mphantom></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\hphantom{x}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mpadded height="0" depth="0"><mphantom><mi>x</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\vphantom{x}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mi>x</mi></mphantom></mpadded></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\cancel{x}"),
+        r#"<mrow><menclose notation="updiagonalstrike"><mi>x</mi></menclose></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"\textcolor{red}{x}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mstyle mathcolor="red"><mi>x</mi></mstyle></mrow>"#
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn environments_become_tables() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display("\\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\\\ c & d \\end{pmatrix}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display("\\begin{matrix} a \\\\ b \\end{matrix}"),
+        "<mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow>"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display("\\begin{cases} x & x \\geq 0 \\\\ -x & x < 0 \\end{cases}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">{</mo><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display("\\begin{aligned} a &= b \\\\ c &= d \\end{aligned}"),
+        r#"<mrow><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow>"#
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display("\\begin{gathered} a \\\\ b \\end{gathered}"),
+        "<mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow>"
+    );
+    // A top-level `\\` becomes a table of lines.
+    assert_eq!(
+        body_display(r"a \\ b"),
+        "<mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable>"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn errors_render_as_merror() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        body(r"x \foo y"),
+        r"<mrow><mi>x</mi><merror><mtext>\foo</mtext></merror><mi>y</mi></mrow>"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/normalize.rs b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/normalize.rs
index 91294afba..9921af7e8 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/normalize.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/normalize.rs
@@ -675,3 +675,92 @@ fn macros_expand_before_normalization() {
     assert!(saw, "{}", n.root);
     assert!(n.problems.is_empty(), "{}", rendered(&n));
 }
+
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Primes (bd-9z83tcv0 found the normalizer dropping them)
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+fn scripts(node: &Node) -> (&Node, Option<&Node>, Option<&Node>) {
+    match &node.kind {
+        NodeKind::Scripts { base, sub, sup, .. } => (base, sub.as_deref(), sup.as_deref()),
+        other => panic!("expected Scripts, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn sym(node: &Node) -> &str {
+    match &node.kind {
+        NodeKind::Sym(t) => t,
+        NodeKind::Row(items) if items.len() == 1 => sym(&items[0]),
+        other => panic!("expected a Sym, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// mitex parses `f'` as an attachment without a `^`/`_` operator; the
+/// prime is a superscript, as TeX defines it (`f'` ≡ `f^{\prime}`).
+#[test]
+fn a_prime_is_a_superscript_prime_symbol() {
+    let n = norm("f'");
+    let (base, sub, sup) = scripts(only(&n));
+    assert_eq!(run(base), "f");
+    assert!(sub.is_none());
+    let sup = sup.expect("prime becomes the superscript");
+    assert_eq!(sym(sup), "′");
+    assert_eq!(sup.span, Some(1..2), "the prime's span is the apostrophe");
+    assert!(n.problems.is_empty(), "{:?}", n.problems);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn repeated_primes_merge_into_one_symbol() {
+    let n = norm("f''");
+    let (_, _, sup) = scripts(only(&n));
+    assert_eq!(sym(sup.unwrap()), "″");
+    assert_eq!(sup.unwrap().span, Some(1..3));
+    let n = norm("f'''");
+    let (_, _, sup) = scripts(only(&n));
+    assert_eq!(sym(sup.unwrap()), "‴");
+    assert!(n.problems.is_empty());
+}
+
+/// `x'^2` is `x^{\prime 2}` in TeX, not a double superscript.
+#[test]
+fn a_prime_followed_by_a_superscript_shares_the_slot() {
+    let n = norm("x'^2");
+    let (base, sub, sup) = scripts(only(&n));
+    assert_eq!(run(base), "x");
+    assert!(sub.is_none());
+    let sup = sup.expect("superscript");
+    let NodeKind::Row(items) = &sup.kind else {
+        panic!("expected a Row of prime + script, got {sup}");
+    };
+    assert_eq!(items.len(), 2);
+    assert_eq!(sym(&items[0]), "′");
+    assert_eq!(run(&items[1]), "2");
+    assert!(n.problems.is_empty(), "{:?}", n.problems);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_prime_and_a_subscript_fill_both_slots() {
+    let n = norm("f'_a");
+    let (base, sub, sup) = scripts(only(&n));
+    assert_eq!(run(base), "f");
+    assert_eq!(run(sub.unwrap()), "a");
+    assert_eq!(sym(sup.unwrap()), "′");
+    assert!(n.problems.is_empty(), "{:?}", n.problems);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn primes_survive_inside_a_sequence() {
+    let n = norm("f'(x) = f''(x)");
+    let primes: Vec<&str> = {
+        let mut out = Vec::new();
+        n.root.walk(&mut |node| {
+            if let NodeKind::Sym(t) = &node.kind
+                && (t.starts_with('′') || t.starts_with('″'))
+            {
+                out.push(t.as_str());
+            }
+        });
+        out
+    };
+    assert_eq!(primes, vec!["′", "″"]);
+}
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__accent-bare-arg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__accent-bare-arg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e92160a93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__accent-bare-arg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\hat x</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__accent-on-accent.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__accent-on-accent.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf05f3f41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__accent-on-accent.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover><mo>ˆ</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\hat{\hat{x}}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__bar.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__bar.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ba133d3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__bar.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>¯</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bar{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__cancel.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__cancel.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76cebddc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__cancel.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><menclose notation="updiagonalstrike"><mi>x</mi></menclose></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\cancel{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__check-breve-acute-grave.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__check-breve-acute-grave.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21e89fd56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__check-breve-acute-grave.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>a</mi><mo>ˇ</mo></mover><mover accent="true"><mi>b</mi><mo>˘</mo></mover><mover accent="true"><mi>c</mi><mo>´</mo></mover><mover accent="true"><mi>d</mi><mo>`</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\check{a} \breve{b} \acute{c} \grave{d}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__dot-ddot.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__dot-ddot.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2e0c3a01f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__dot-ddot.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>˙</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>¨</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dot{x} + \ddot{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__hat.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__hat.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6ce9b7d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__hat.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\hat{\beta}_0</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__mathring.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__mathring.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2797a3d67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__mathring.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>A</mi><mo>˚</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathring{A}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__not.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__not.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ecb39b0d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__not.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>≠</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \not= b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overbrace.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overbrace.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b944798c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overbrace.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">⏞</mo></mover><mi>n</mi></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overbrace{a+b}^{n}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overleftarrow.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overleftarrow.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..43388f710
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overleftarrow.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo>←</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overleftarrow{AB}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overline.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overline.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..caedc0bf5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overline.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">‾</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overline{x+y}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overrightarrow.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overrightarrow.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2a2a70c68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overrightarrow.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>A</mi><mi>B</mi></mrow><mo>→</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overrightarrow{AB}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overset-underset.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overset-underset.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afbaf684c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__overset-underset.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover><mo>=</mo><mo>!</mo></mover><munder><mrow><mi>max</mi><mo>⁡</mo></mrow><mi>n</mi></munder></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\overset{!}{=} \underset{n}{\max}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__stackrel.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__stackrel.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f5f19fe15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__stackrel.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover><mo>=</mo><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\stackrel{def}{=}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__tilde.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__tilde.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a91c28722
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__tilde.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>x</mi><mo>˜</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\tilde{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__underbrace.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__underbrace.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0c3014839
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__underbrace.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><munder><munder accentunder="true"><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">⏟</mo></munder><mi>n</mi></munder></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\underbrace{a+b}_{n}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__underline.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__underline.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2f254034b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__underline.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><munder accentunder="true"><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">_</mo></munder></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\underline{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__vec.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__vec.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ef4e525f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__vec.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>v</mi><mo>→</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\vec{v}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__widehat-widetilde.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__widehat-widetilde.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3e707d0fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__accents__widehat-widetilde.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><mo>ˆ</mo></mover><mover accent="true"><mrow><mi>x</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>z</mi></mrow><mo>˜</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\widehat{abc} \widetilde{xyz}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__comment.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__comment.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75a01b70b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__comment.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x % a comment
++ y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__decimal-and-comma.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__decimal-and-comma.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81325005c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__decimal-and-comma.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>3.14</mn><mo>,</mo><mn>2.71</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">3.14, 2.71</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__digits-adjacent-letters.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__digits-adjacent-letters.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04c89cc1f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__digits-adjacent-letters.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>10</mn><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">2x + 10y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__doubled-braces.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__doubled-braces.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1cb36192
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__doubled-braces.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><mi>n</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{{RT}}{{n}}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__empty-group.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__empty-group.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02893585e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__empty-group.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mrow></mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x{}y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__equals-chain.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__equals-chain.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d6f013a9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__equals-chain.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a = b = c</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__factorial.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__factorial.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6340fb0e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__factorial.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>!</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">n!</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__greek.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__greek.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..efb6d9742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__greek.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\alpha + \beta = \gamma</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__leading-trailing-space.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__leading-trailing-space.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b6fd60f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__leading-trailing-space.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">  x + y  </annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__mixed-brackets-bare.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__mixed-brackets-bare.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7e372a282
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__mixed-brackets-bare.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>⋅</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(a + b] \cdot [c, d)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__multi-line-inline.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__multi-line-inline.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..939d44e31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__multi-line-inline.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a +
+b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__parens-brackets.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__parens-brackets.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..56d41d45f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__parens-brackets.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f(x) = [a, b]</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__prime.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__prime.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..33f0a5529
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__prime.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>f</mi><mo>′</mo></msup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><msup><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><mo>″</mo></msup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f'(x) = f''(x)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__relation-chain.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__relation-chain.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b918bd64f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__relation-chain.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>≤</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>≠</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a &lt; b \leq c \neq d</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__single-letter.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__single-letter.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cafe58556
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__single-letter.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__unicode-input.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__unicode-input.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0aa65ca9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__unicode-input.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>≠</mo><mo>∅</mo><mo>→</mo><mo>∞</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α ≠ ∅ → ∞</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__word-and-number.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__word-and-number.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7265067d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__basic__word-and-number.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>42</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x = 42</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__bayes.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__bayes.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2d4405d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__bayes.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P(A|B) = \frac{P(B|A)P(A)}{P(B)}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__black-scholes_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__black-scholes_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b9211c24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__black-scholes_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac><msup><mi>σ</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mfrac><mrow><msup><mo>∂</mo><mn>2</mn></msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow></mfrac><mo>+</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi></mrow></mfrac><mspace width="0.3333em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">C</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{\partial \mathrm C}{ \partial \mathrm t } + \frac{1}{2}\sigma^{2} \mathrm S^{2}
+\frac{\partial^{2} \mathrm C}{\partial \mathrm C^2}
+  + \mathrm r \mathrm S \frac{\partial \mathrm C}{\partial \mathrm S}\ =
+  \mathrm r \mathrm C</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__cancel-partial.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__cancel-partial.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ab51f6846
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__cancel-partial.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><menclose notation="updiagonalstrike"><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>v</mi></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>z</mi></mrow></mfrac></menclose><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">g = \left(\cancel{\frac{\partial v}{\partial z}}\right)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__conditional-prob-positive.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__conditional-prob-positive.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..14e79fda4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__conditional-prob-positive.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">P(B) &gt; 0</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__emc2.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__emc2.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..50005af61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__emc2.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E = mc^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__exponential-survival.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__exponential-survival.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2953c6193
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__exponential-survival.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi></msub><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>−</mo><msup><mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>λ</mi></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p_e = 1-\mathrm{e}^{-t \lambda}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__ftc_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__ftc_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..02a36bced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__ftc_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></msubsup><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace><mi>d</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>.</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{a}^{x} f(u)\,du\right)=f(x).</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__gauss-law_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__gauss-law_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b15a1d468
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__gauss-law_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mo>∮</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>→</mo></mover><mo>⋅</mo><mi>d</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>A</mi><mo>→</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mi>Q</mi><msub><mi>ϵ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\oint \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{A} = \frac{Q}{\epsilon_0}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__gaussian-integral_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__gaussian-integral_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b9ba3c6d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__gaussian-integral_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mo>∞</mo></mrow><mo>∞</mo></msubsup><msup><mi>e</mi><msup><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><msqrt><mi>π</mi></msqrt></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-x^2} dx = \sqrt{\pi}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__glm-poisson_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__glm-poisson_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..04f1b6ae3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__glm-poisson_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>log</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace width="1em"></mspace><mo>=</mo><mspace width="1em"></mspace><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>⊤</mo></msubsup><mi>β</mi><mo>,</mo><mspace width="1em"></mspace><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>∼</mo><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>,</mo><mspace width="1em"></mspace><mi>E</mi><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><msub><mi>y</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\log(\mu_i) \quad = \quad x_i^\top \beta,
+\quad y_i \sim \mathrm{Pois}(\mu_i),
+\quad E[y_i \, | \, x_i] = \mu_i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__half-gaussian_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__half-gaussian_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b59671593
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__half-gaussian_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>∞</mo></msubsup><msup><mi>e</mi><msup><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></msup><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><msqrt><mi>π</mi></msqrt><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int_0^\infty e^{-x^2} dx = \frac{\sqrt{\pi}}{2}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__index-range.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__index-range.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..23c20bb7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__index-range.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">i = 1, \dots, n</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__integral-ftc-inline.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__integral-ftc-inline.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..73d8b22d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__integral-ftc-inline.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></msubsup><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>F</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>b</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>−</mo><mi>F</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int_a^b f(x)\,dx = F(b) - F(a)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__limit-continuity.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__limit-continuity.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..daa5df984
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__limit-continuity.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></munder><mo>⁡</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>c</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lim_{x \to c} f(x) = f(c)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__maxwell-ampere_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__maxwell-ampere_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8df525d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__maxwell-ampere_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mo>∇</mo><mo>×</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>B</mi><mo>→</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mover accent="true"><mi>J</mi><mo>→</mo></mover><mo>+</mo><msub><mi>μ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><msub><mi>ϵ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub><mfrac><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>→</mo></mover></mrow><mrow><mo>∂</mo><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\nabla \times \vec{B} = \mu_0 \vec{J} + \mu_0 \epsilon_0 \frac{\partial \vec{E}}{\partial t}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__nernst.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__nernst.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..24c091188
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__nernst.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>E</mi><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub><msub><msup><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>E</mi></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>R</mi><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>ℑ</mi></mrow></mfrac><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><msub><msup><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>E</mi></mrow><mo>∘</mo></msup><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mn>0.0592</mn><mi>n</mi></mfrac><mi>log</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E_{cell} = E^\circ _{cell} - \frac{{RT}}{{n\Im }}\ln Q = E^\circ _{cell} - \frac{{0.0592}}{n}\log Q</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__newton-gravity.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__newton-gravity.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..643bf06fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__newton-gravity.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>F</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>G</mi><mfrac><mrow><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mi>m</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow><msup><mi>r</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">F = G\frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__ols-estimate.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__ols-estimate.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..34669b31f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__ols-estimate.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mover accent="true"><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover><mo>=</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msup><mi>X</mi><mo>⊤</mo></msup><mi>X</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>X</mi><mo>⊤</mo></msup><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\hat{\beta} = (X^\top X)^{-1} X^\top y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__poisson-pmf.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__poisson-pmf.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3cea97092
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__poisson-pmf.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>λ</mi></mrow></msup><msup><mi>λ</mi><mi>x</mi></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>!</mo></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p(x)=\frac{e^{-\lambda} \lambda^{x}}{x !}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__power-set-unicode.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__power-set-unicode.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4fa19b1fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__power-set-unicode.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝒫</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>ℕ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>≠</mo><mo>∅</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal P (\mathbb N) ≠ \varnothing</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__pythagoras.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__pythagoras.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4bf914c8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__pythagoras.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a^2 + b^2 = c^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__quadratic.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__quadratic.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62613ff4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__quadratic.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>±</mo><msqrt><mrow><msup><mi>b</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow></msqrt></mrow><mrow><mn>2</mn><mi>a</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x = \frac{-b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__regression.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__regression.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..09db2beac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__regression.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover><mn>0</mn></msub><mo>+</mo><msub><mover accent="true"><mi>β</mi><mo>ˆ</mo></mover><mn>1</mn></msub><mo>×</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>ϵ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">price = \hat{\beta}_0 + \hat{\beta}_1 \times area + \epsilon</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__sir-two-groups_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__sir-two-groups_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d312df3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__sir-two-groups_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mfrac><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mi>β</mi><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mn>11</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow><mn>12</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mi>N</mi></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mfrac><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>S</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mo>−</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>β</mi><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mn>12</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow><mn>22</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mi>N</mi></mfrac></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mfrac><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>ρ</mi><mi>β</mi><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mn>11</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow><mn>12</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>−</mo><mi>γ</mi><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mfrac><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>I</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mfrac><mrow><mi>β</mi><msub><mi>S</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><msub><mi>c</mi><mn>12</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><msub><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow><mn>22</mn></msub><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>2</mn></msub><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><mi>N</mi></mfrac><mo>−</mo><mi>γ</mi><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mfrac><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>1</mn></msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mfrac><msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>R</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msub><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></mfrac></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi><msub><mi>I</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned}
+\frac{dS_1}{dt} &amp;= -\frac{\rho \beta S_1(c_{11} I_1 + c_{12} I_2)}{N} \\
+\frac{dS_2}{dt} &amp;= -\frac{\beta S_2(c_{12} I_1 + c_{22} I_2)}{N} \\
+\frac{dI_1}{dt} &amp;= \frac{ \rho \beta S_1(c_{11} I_1 + c_{12} I_2)}{N} - \gamma I_1 \\
+\frac{dI_2}{dt} &amp;= \frac{\beta S_2(c_{12} I_1 + c_{22} I_2)}{N} - \gamma I_2 \\
+\frac{dR_1}{dt} &amp;= \gamma I_1 \\
+\frac{dR_2}{dt} &amp;= \gamma I_2
+\end{aligned}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__sum-of-set.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__sum-of-set.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b7007aed3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__sum-of-set.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>∞</mo></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><msubsup><mi>α</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>β</mi></msubsup><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sum_{i = 2}^\infty\{\alpha_i^\beta\}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__weibull_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__weibull_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e5e78980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__corpus__weibull_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>f</mi><mi>X</mi></msub><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mfrac><mi>α</mi><mi>β</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>β</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msup><msup><mi>e</mi><mrow><mo>−</mo><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mfrac><mi>x</mi><mi>β</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow><mi>α</mi></msup></mrow></msup><mo>;</mo><mi>α</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f_{X}(x) = \left(\frac{\alpha}{\beta}\right)
+  \left(\frac{x}{\beta}\right)^{\alpha-1}
+  e^{-\left(\frac{x}{\beta}\right)^{\alpha}}; 
+  \alpha,\beta,x &gt; 0 .</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__bare-delims.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__bare-delims.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6882aa7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__bare-delims.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">}</mo><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mi>z</mi><mo stretchy="false">|</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{ x \} \langle y \rangle |z|</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__big-delims.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__big-delims.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..8b1b3cd54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__big-delims.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mo stretchy="false">}</mo><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\big( \Big[ \bigg\{ \Bigg| x \Bigg| \bigg\} \Big] \big)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__bigl-bigr.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__bigl-bigr.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cb33b2d9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__bigl-bigr.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bigl( x \bigr) \Bigl[ y \Bigr]</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-angle.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-angle.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cf0409ed6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-angle.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">⟨</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">⟩</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left\langle x \right\rangle</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-brace.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-brace.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f1a08216a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-brace.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">{</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">}</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left\{ x \right\}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-bracket.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-bracket.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..88d1761fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-bracket.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">[</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left[ x \right]</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-floor.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-floor.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9d4374f93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-floor.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">⌊</mo><mfrac><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">⌋</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right\rfloor</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-in-frac.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-in-frac.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2876c1361
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-in-frac.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>d</mi><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>x</mi></msubsup><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>u</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace><mi>d</mi><mi>u</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{d}{dx}\left( \int_{a}^{x} f(u)\,du\right)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-mixed.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-mixed.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c4be971ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-mixed.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left( x \right]</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-nested.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-nested.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1dc2e3a49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-nested.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mrow><mo stretchy="true">[</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">]</mo></mrow><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left( \left[ x \right] \right)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-norm.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-norm.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63404091d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-norm.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">‖</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">‖</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left\| x \right\|</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-null-left.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-null-left.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e37bd033f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-null-left.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left( x \right.</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-null-right.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-null-right.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce324c5aa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-null-right.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>f</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">|</mo></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left. \frac{df}{dx} \right|_{x=0}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-paren-with-newline_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-paren-with-newline_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6958352e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-paren-with-newline_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left(
+\frac{a}{b}
+\right)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-paren.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-paren.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b93be2395
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-paren.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left( \frac{a}{b} \right)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-vert.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-vert.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4ce3a4484
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-vert.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">|</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">|</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left| x \right|</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-with-middle.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-with-middle.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..62cf3817f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-with-middle.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">{</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">|</mo><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><mo stretchy="true">}</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left\{ x \middle| x &gt; 0 \right\}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-with-script.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-with-script.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ab4a6550
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__left-right-with-script.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left( \frac{a}{b} \right)^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__lfloor-lceil.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__lfloor-lceil.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ece6a2df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__delimiters__lfloor-lceil.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">⌊</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">⌋</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">⌈</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">⌉</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lfloor x \rfloor + \lceil y \rceil</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__align-star_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__align-star_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63939ae43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__align-star_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{align*}
+a &amp;= b \\
+c &amp;= d
+\end{align*}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__align_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__align_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f8ed04ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__align_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{align}
+a &amp;= b \\
+c &amp;= d
+\end{align}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__alignat_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__alignat_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b63d28210
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__alignat_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{alignat}{2}
+a &amp;= b &amp; c &amp;= d
+\end{alignat}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned-one-line_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned-one-line_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e5404a8cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned-one-line_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned} a &amp;= b \\ c &amp;= d \end{aligned}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned-three-columns_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned-three-columns_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f99ea2ead
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned-three-columns_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>e</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>g</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>h</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned}
+a &amp;= b &amp; c &amp;= d \\
+e &amp;= f &amp; g &amp;= h
+\end{aligned}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..75598a6d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__aligned_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned}
+a &amp;= b \\
+c &amp;= d
+\end{aligned}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__array-with-lines_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__array-with-lines_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c66637ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__array-with-lines_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mrow></mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{array}{c|c}
+a &amp; b \\
+\hline
+c &amp; d
+\end{array}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__array_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__array_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9506bfc54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__array_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{array}{cc}
+a &amp; b \\
+c &amp; d
+\end{array}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__bbmatrix_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__bbmatrix_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bfba28dd1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__bbmatrix_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">{</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">}</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{Bmatrix}
+a &amp; b \\
+c &amp; d
+\end{Bmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__bmatrix_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__bmatrix_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e4ab8eab6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__bmatrix_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">[</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{bmatrix}
+a &amp; b \\
+c &amp; d
+\end{bmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__cases-with-text_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__cases-with-text_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af4f1a0f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__cases-with-text_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>=</mo><mrow><mo stretchy="true">{</mo><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mn>1</mn></mtd><mtd><mrow><mtext>if </mtext><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>A</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mtext>otherwise</mtext></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">f(x) = \begin{cases}
+1 &amp; \text{if } x \in A \\
+0 &amp; \text{otherwise}
+\end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__cases_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__cases_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d2782ad19
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__cases_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">{</mo><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mi>x</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>≥</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases}
+x &amp; x \geq 0 \\
+-x &amp; x &lt; 0
+\end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__equation_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__equation_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0029521b4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__equation_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right"><mtr><mtd><msup><mrow><mi>E</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{equation}
+E = mc^2
+\end{equation}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__gathered_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__gathered_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b4f32189
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__gathered_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{gathered}
+a = b \\
+c = d
+\end{gathered}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-dots_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-dots_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f216f425
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-dots_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>a</mi><mn>11</mn></msub></mtd><mtd><mo>⋯</mo></mtd><mtd><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>⋱</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mtd><mtd><mo>⋯</mo></mtd><mtd><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{pmatrix}
+a_{11} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{1n} \\
+\vdots &amp; \ddots &amp; \vdots \\
+a_{m1} &amp; \cdots &amp; a_{mn}
+\end{pmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-empty-cells_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-empty-cells_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d3e0d320a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-empty-cells_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{pmatrix}
+a &amp; \\
+&amp; d
+\end{pmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-ragged_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-ragged_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..783035132
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-ragged_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{pmatrix}
+a &amp; b &amp; c \\
+d
+\end{pmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-trailing-row-break_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-trailing-row-break_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..acd43bac3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-trailing-row-break_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{pmatrix}
+a &amp; b \\
+c &amp; d \\
+\end{pmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-with-frac-cells_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-with-frac-cells_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf7d039f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix-with-frac-cells_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{pmatrix}
+\frac{1}{2} &amp; 0 \\
+0 &amp; \frac{1}{2}
+\end{pmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1a29776e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__matrix_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{matrix}
+a &amp; b \\
+c &amp; d
+\end{matrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__multline_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__multline_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b1933334f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__multline_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{multline}
+a + b \\
++ c
+\end{multline}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__nested-env_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__nested-env_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26c5b380f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__nested-env_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">{</mo><mtable columnalign="left"><mtr><mtd><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mtd><mtd><mrow><mtext>if </mtext><mi>x</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mtext>else</mtext></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{cases}
+\begin{aligned} a &amp;= b \\ c &amp;= d \end{aligned} &amp; \text{if } x \\
+0 &amp; \text{else}
+\end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__pmatrix-inline.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__pmatrix-inline.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c565d1ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__pmatrix-inline.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{pmatrix} a &amp; b \\ c &amp; d \end{pmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__pmatrix_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__pmatrix_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..13a5d550c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__pmatrix_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{pmatrix}
+a &amp; b \\
+c &amp; d
+\end{pmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__row-spacing_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__row-spacing_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ce87ce030
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__row-spacing_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>2</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned}
+a &amp;= b \\[2ex]
+c &amp;= d
+\end{aligned}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__smallmatrix.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__smallmatrix.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..32f7f0a7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__smallmatrix.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left(\begin{smallmatrix} a &amp; b \\ c &amp; d \end{smallmatrix}\right)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__split_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__split_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d916a3fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__split_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mtable columnalign="right left"><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow><mo>=</mo><mi>c</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{split}
+a &amp;= b \\
+&amp;= c
+\end{split}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__substack_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__substack_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..beadeacc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__substack_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>j</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>j</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>k</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable></munder><msub><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>j</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sum_{\substack{i&lt;j \\ j&lt;k}} a_{ij}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__vmatrix_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__vmatrix_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee1eccd71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__vmatrix_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">|</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">|</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{vmatrix}
+a &amp; b \\
+c &amp; d
+\end{vmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__vvmatrix_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__vvmatrix_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..87f60c1e5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__environments__vvmatrix_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">‖</mo><mtable><mtr><mtd><mi>a</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>b</mi></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>c</mi></mtd><mtd><mi>d</mi></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo stretchy="true">‖</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{Vmatrix}
+a &amp; b \\
+c &amp; d
+\end{Vmatrix}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__bare-ampersand.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__bare-ampersand.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9ced7a330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__bare-ampersand.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><merror><mtext>&amp;</mtext></merror><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a &amp; b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__bare-hash.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__bare-hash.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ee6f0b7a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__bare-hash.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>#</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">#1</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__double-subscript.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__double-subscript.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ab43a354
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__double-subscript.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn></msub><merror><mtext>2</mtext></merror></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_1_2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__double-superscript.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__double-superscript.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44ef61a00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__double-superscript.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><merror><mtext>3</mtext></merror></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^2^3</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__empty.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__empty.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5d5e2c7ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__empty.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex"></annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__env-mismatch.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__env-mismatch.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5106a3463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__env-mismatch.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><merror><mtext>\begin{aligned} x \end{cases}</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned} x \end{cases}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__left-without-right.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__left-without-right.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..251efdf68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__left-without-right.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><merror><mtext>\left( x</mtext></merror></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left( x</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__lone-caret.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__lone-caret.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6f0aeada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__lone-caret.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__lone-underscore.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__lone-underscore.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6108fbf74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__lone-underscore.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mrow></mrow><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">_i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__macro-arity-mismatch.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__macro-arity-mismatch.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..06bd7d342
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__macro-arity-mismatch.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><merror><mtext>invalid number of arguments</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\pr}[2]{P(#1|#2)} \pr{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__missing-arg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__missing-arg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..69908390e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__missing-arg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><merror><mtext>\frac{a}</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{a}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__only-whitespace.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__only-whitespace.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..df8faf48d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__only-whitespace.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">   </annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__raw-dollar-inside.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__raw-dollar-inside.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b2b2b17d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__raw-dollar-inside.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x $ y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__recursive-macro.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__recursive-macro.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..894fa4afd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__recursive-macro.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><merror><mtext>macro expansion limit exceeded</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\loop}{\loop} \loop</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__right-without-left.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__right-without-left.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7655d962c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__right-without-left.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><merror><mtext>\right</mtext></merror><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x \right)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__sqrt-index-no-body.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__sqrt-index-no-body.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..46feaaa4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__sqrt-index-no-body.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><merror><mtext>\sqrt[3]</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sqrt[3]</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__stray-end.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__stray-end.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a7d24c4d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__stray-end.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><merror><mtext>aligned</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x \end{aligned}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__trailing-backslash.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__trailing-backslash.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1789b7915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__trailing-backslash.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mspace width="0.3333em"></mspace></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x \</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-close.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-close.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93f478372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-close.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><merror><mtext>}</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-in-macro-body.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-in-macro-body.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e8bcf7fb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-in-macro-body.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><merror><mtext>\frac{a}</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\bad}{\frac{a}} \bad</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-left-right-nesting.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-left-right-nesting.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c11db81be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-left-right-nesting.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mrow><mo stretchy="true">[</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow><mo stretchy="true">]</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\left( \left[ x \right) \right]</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-open.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-open.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..afabfc090
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unbalanced-open.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mrow><mi>b</mi><merror><mtext>{b</mtext></merror></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{a}{b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unclosed-env.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unclosed-env.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7df362c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unclosed-env.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><merror><mtext>\begin{aligned} x</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{aligned} x</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__undefined-blackboard-shortcuts.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__undefined-blackboard-shortcuts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..482d435c7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__undefined-blackboard-shortcuts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ℝ</mi><mi>ℕ</mi><mi>ℤ</mi><mi>ℚ</mi><merror><mtext>\C</mtext></merror></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\R \N \Z \Q \C</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__undefined-macro-argument.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__undefined-macro-argument.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..96e10ded4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__undefined-macro-argument.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\pr}[1]{P(#2)} \pr{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-command-noarg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-command-noarg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a62ba9a65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-command-noarg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><merror><mtext>\foo</mtext></merror><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x \foo y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-command.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-command.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edacc1114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-command.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><merror><mtext>\foo</mtext></merror><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\foo{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-env.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-env.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c9aaf4925
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__errors__unknown-env.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><merror><mtext>\begin{foo} x \end{foo}</mtext></merror><mi>x</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\begin{foo} x \end{foo}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__binom.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__binom.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..678e2c62e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__binom.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mo stretchy="true">(</mo><mfrac linethickness="0"><mi>n</mi><mi>k</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="true">)</mo></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\binom{n}{k}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__cfrac.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__cfrac.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..57cf3aea0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__cfrac.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>x</mi></mfrac></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\cfrac{1}{1+\cfrac{1}{x}}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__dfrac-tfrac.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__dfrac-tfrac.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9bbbafe87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__dfrac-tfrac.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mstyle displaystyle="true"><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac></mstyle><mo>+</mo><mstyle displaystyle="false"><mfrac><mi>c</mi><mi>d</mi></mfrac></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\dfrac{a}{b} + \tfrac{c}{d}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-command-args.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-command-args.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b379757db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-command-args.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>α</mi><mi>β</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac\alpha\beta</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-in-sup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-in-sup.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0ab1f6dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-in-sup.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">e^{\frac{1}{2}}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-nested.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-nested.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f87b739d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-nested.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mi>x</mi></mfrac></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{1}{1+\frac{1}{x}}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-single-char-args.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-single-char-args.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d8753e2ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac-single-char-args.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac12</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..148fe7c55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__frac.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{a}{b}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__over-bare.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__over-bare.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2715d76af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__over-bare.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>c</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow></mfrac></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a+b \over c+d</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__over-grouped.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__over-grouped.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a3fb57968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__fractions__over-grouped.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{a \over b}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__def-with-arg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__def-with-arg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d4c2e2ed8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__def-with-arg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow></mrow><merror><mtext>\pr</mtext></merror><mo>#</mo><mn>1</mn><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>#</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><merror><mtext>\pr</mtext></merror><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\def\pr#1{P(#1)} \pr{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__def.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__def.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bb4c7487e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__def.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow></mrow><mi>ℝ</mi><mrow><mi>ℝ</mi></mrow><mi>ℝ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\def\R{\mathbb{R}} \R</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-arg-with-braces.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-arg-with-braces.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f3cb43c67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-arg-with-braces.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\pr}[1]{P(#1)} \pr{\frac{a}{b}}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-defined-not-used.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-defined-not-used.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..415ad1cc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-defined-not-used.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} x</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-in-scripts.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-in-scripts.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fe3753572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-in-scripts.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mn>1</mn><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\x}{x_1} \x^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-multi-line_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-multi-line_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e99c53aa5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-multi-line_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\pr}[1]{P(#1)}
+\pr{x&gt;0}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-used-twice.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-used-twice.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1aab9458c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__macro-used-twice.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>A</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>B</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\pr}[1]{P(#1)} \pr{A} + \pr{B}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-args.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-args.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a16d7969
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-args.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>P</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\pr}[1]{P(#1)} \pr{x&gt;0}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-nested-use.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-nested-use.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bf5c2ab53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-nested-use.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><msup><mi>ℝ</mi><mi>n</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} \newcommand{\Rn}{\R^n} x \in \Rn</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-noarg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-noarg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4170bbfc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-noarg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>ℝ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} x \in \R</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-optional-arg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-optional-arg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f6118e0dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-optional-arg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">‖</mo><mrow><msub><mo stretchy="false">‖</mo><mo stretchy="false">‖</mo></msub><merror><mtext>\|_{#1}</mtext></merror></mrow><mrow><mi>x</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">[</mo><mn>1</mn><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\norm}[2][2]{\|#2\|_{#1}} \norm{x} \norm[1]{y}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-star.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-star.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ee5ba7de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-star.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ℝ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand*{\R}{\mathbb{R}} \R</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-two-args.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-two-args.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..65085c804
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__newcommand-two-args.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">⟨</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>,</mo><mi>v</mi><mo stretchy="false">⟩</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle} \inner{u}{v}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__renewcommand.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__renewcommand.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b112cb36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__macros__renewcommand.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝐯</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\renewcommand{\vec}[1]{\mathbf{#1}} \vec{v}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__bigcup-bigcap.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__bigcup-bigcap.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..53ba8893e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__bigcup-bigcap.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mo>⋃</mo><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>A</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>∩</mo><msub><mo>⋂</mo><mi>j</mi></msub><msub><mi>B</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bigcup_{i} A_i \cap \bigcap_{j} B_j</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__coprod-bigoplus.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__coprod-bigoplus.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b4f33897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__coprod-bigoplus.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mo>∐</mo><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>X</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>⊕</mo><msub><mo>⨁</mo><mi>j</mi></msub><msub><mi>Y</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\coprod_i X_i \oplus \bigoplus_j Y_j</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__det-dim-ker.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__det-dim-ker.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f096cdc30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__det-dim-ker.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>det</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>A</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>dim</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>V</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>ker</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>T</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\det A + \dim V + \ker T</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__function-with-parens.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__function-with-parens.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..72e907f0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__function-with-parens.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><msup><mi>cos</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mo>⁡</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sin(x) + \cos^2(x)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__iint-iiint.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__iint-iiint.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4b0bb0e5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__iint-iiint.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mo>∬</mo><mi>D</mi></msub><mi>f</mi><mo>+</mo><msub><mo>∭</mo><mi>V</mi></msub><mi>g</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\iint_D f + \iiint_V g</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__int-limits.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__int-limits.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c1971abf7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__int-limits.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mo>∫</mo><mn>0</mn><mo>∞</mo></msubsup><msup><mi>e</mi><msup><mrow><mo>−</mo><mi>x</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></msup><mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int_0^\infty e^{-x^2}\,dx</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__int-no-limits.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__int-no-limits.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3ad847c44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__int-no-limits.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>∫</mo><mi>f</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int f</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__lim.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__lim.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..920e5e741
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__lim.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><munder><mi>lim</mi><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>→</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow></munder><mo>⁡</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lim_{x \to 0} f(x)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__log-ln-sin.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__log-ln-sin.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1ed223edb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__log-ln-sin.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>log</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>ln</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>y</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mi>θ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\log x + \ln y + \sin \theta</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__max-min.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__max-min.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..66657b870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__max-min.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><munder><mi>max</mi><mi>i</mi></munder><mo>⁡</mo><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>i</mi></msub><mo>+</mo><munder><mi>min</mi><mi>j</mi></munder><mo>⁡</mo><msub><mi>b</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\max_{i} a_i + \min_{j} b_j</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__oint.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__oint.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..032c68709
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__oint.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>∮</mo><mover accent="true"><mi>E</mi><mo>→</mo></mover><mo>⋅</mo><mi>d</mi><mover accent="true"><mi>A</mi><mo>→</mo></mover></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\oint \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{A}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__operatorname-star.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__operatorname-star.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2cdd94b8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__operatorname-star.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><munder><mi>argmax</mi><mi>x</mi></munder><mo>⁡</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\operatorname*{argmax}_x f(x)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__operatorname.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__operatorname.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..587bc2b7e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__operatorname.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>argmax</mi><mi>x</mi></msub><mo>⁡</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\operatorname{argmax}_x f(x)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__prod-limits-cmd.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__prod-limits-cmd.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0012029d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__prod-limits-cmd.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><munder><mo movablelimits="false">∏</mo><mi>i</mi></munder><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\prod\limits_{i} x_i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-limits.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-limits.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc435075d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-limits.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></msubsup><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sum_{i=1}^{n} i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-limits_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-limits_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..433c2c8a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-limits_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><munderover><mo>∑</mo><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow><mi>n</mi></munderover><mi>i</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sum_{i=1}^{n} i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-nolimits_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-nolimits_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..530dff60b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-nolimits_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><msub><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sum\nolimits_{i} x_i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-only-sub_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-only-sub_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..991e321e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-only-sub_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>k</mi></munder><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sum_{k} a_k</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-only-sup_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-only-sup_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..67b728897
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sum-only-sup_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mover><mo>∑</mo><mi>N</mi></mover><msub><mi>a</mi><mi>k</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sum^{N} a_k</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sup-inf.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sup-inf.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94c32b714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__operators__sup-inf.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><munder><mi>sup</mi><mi>x</mi></munder><mo>⁡</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>−</mo><munder><mi>inf</mi><mi>x</mi></munder><mo>⁡</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sup_{x} f(x) - \inf_{x} f(x)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-bare-arg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-bare-arg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..da702fd78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-bare-arg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mi>x</mi></msqrt></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sqrt x</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-index-expression.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-index-expression.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2b7d7d32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-index-expression.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mroot><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><msup><mrow><mo>+</mo><mi>y</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></mroot></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sqrt[n+1]{x^2+y^2}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-index.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-index.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f20d13bb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-index.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mroot><mi>x</mi><mn>3</mn></mroot></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sqrt[3]{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-nested.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-nested.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..af85e121b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-nested.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mrow><mn>1</mn><mo>+</mo><msqrt><mi>x</mi></msqrt></mrow></msqrt></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sqrt{1+\sqrt{x}}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-of-frac.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-of-frac.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..719e89a81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt-of-frac.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac></msqrt></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sqrt{\frac{a}{b}}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6a192d08d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__radicals__sqrt.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msqrt><mi>x</mi></msqrt></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\sqrt{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__empty-sup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__empty-sup.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c94939332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__empty-sup.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mrow></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^{}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__nested-sup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__nested-sup.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a87bc3698
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__nested-sup.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">e^{x^2}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b6165bfa0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mrow><mo>′</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x'^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-digit-run.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-digit-run.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..770fbf01d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-digit-run.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mn>3</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^23</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-frac.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-frac.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..559dae6a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-frac.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\frac{a}{b}^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-group.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-group.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..83fe1dd4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-group.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{a+b}^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-paren.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-paren.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..338e409ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-on-paren.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi><msup><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(a+b)^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-with-space-before.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-with-space-before.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2ff5775d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__script-with-space-before.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x ^2 _i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub-group.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub-group.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..94eef01f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub-group.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mrow><mi>i</mi><mo>+</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{i+1}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub-of-sub.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub-of-sub.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..341331de6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub-of-sub.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><msub><mi>i</mi><mi>j</mi></msub></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_{i_j}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3bd65d97a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sub.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__subsup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__subsup.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55959b26c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__subsup.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x_i^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup-command-arg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup-command-arg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..a0467beb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup-command-arg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>e</mi><mi>α</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">e^\alpha</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup-then-space-sub.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup-then-space-sub.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e26c122a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup-then-space-sub.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><msup><mi>E</mi><mo>∘</mo></msup><mrow><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>l</mi></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E^\circ _{cell}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..60af21c01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__sup.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^2</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__supsub.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__supsub.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..61fd6c306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__scripts__supsub.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msubsup><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi><mn>2</mn></msubsup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^2_i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__backslash-space.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__backslash-space.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b824f115a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__backslash-space.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mspace width="0.3333em"></mspace><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a\ b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__enspace-and-comma.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__enspace-and-comma.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..76c7415bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__enspace-and-comma.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mspace width="0.5em"></mspace><mi>b</mi><mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a\enspace b\, c</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__explicit-newline-outside-env_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__explicit-newline-outside-env_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..cc7dbbf46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__explicit-newline-outside-env_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mtable><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \\ b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__hphantom-vphantom.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__hphantom-vphantom.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..866e82fc8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__hphantom-vphantom.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mpadded height="0" depth="0"><mphantom><mi>x</mi></mphantom></mpadded><mi>y</mi><mpadded width="0"><mphantom><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac></mphantom></mpadded><mi>z</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\hphantom{x} y \vphantom{\frac{a}{b}} z</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__hspace.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__hspace.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f4208fcdf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__hspace.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mspace width="1em"></mspace><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \hspace{1em} b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__medium-thick.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__medium-thick.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..edc71a306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__medium-thick.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mspace width="0.2222em"></mspace><mi>b</mi><mspace width="0.2778em"></mspace><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a\:b\;c</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__mkern-mskip.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__mkern-mskip.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4dc4f1d2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__mkern-mskip.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mspace width="0.5em"></mspace><mn>3</mn><mi>m</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi><mspace width="0.5em"></mspace><mn>6</mn><mi>m</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a\mkern3mu b\mskip 6mu c</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__multiple-spaces-collapse.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__multiple-spaces-collapse.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..d1a064611
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__multiple-spaces-collapse.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a    +    b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__negative-thin.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__negative-thin.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..fb4463e39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__negative-thin.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mspace width="-0.1667em"></mspace><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a\!b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__phantom.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__phantom.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0732336a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__phantom.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mphantom><mi>x</mi></mphantom><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\phantom{x} y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__quad-qquad.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__quad-qquad.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9f6142463
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__quad-qquad.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mspace width="1em"></mspace><mi>b</mi><mspace width="2em"></mspace><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \quad b \qquad c</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__space-inside-group.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__space-inside-group.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..940d2e870
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__space-inside-group.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>a</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{ a }</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__thin-space.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__thin-space.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..77e083e33
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__thin-space.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>∫</mo><mi>f</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mspace width="0.1667em"></mspace><mi>d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\int f(x)\,dx</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__tilde-nbsp.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__tilde-nbsp.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7795e5910
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__spacing__tilde-nbsp.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo> </mo><mi>b</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a~b</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__arrows.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__arrows.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2b1d4af69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__arrows.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>→</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>=&gt;</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>&lt;-&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>↦</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>←</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>&lt;=&gt;</mo><mi>h</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \to b \rightarrow c \Rightarrow d \leftrightarrow e \mapsto f \leftarrow g \Leftrightarrow h</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__binary-ops.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__binary-ops.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f7acc0c16
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__binary-ops.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>±</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>∓</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>×</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>÷</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>⋅</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>∘</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>∗</mo><mi>h</mi><mo>⊕</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>⊗</mo><mi>j</mi><mo>∧</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>∨</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>⋆</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>∙</mo><mi>n</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \pm b \mp c \times d \div e \cdot f \circ g \ast h \oplus i \otimes j \wedge k \vee l \star m \bullet n</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__degrees.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__degrees.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5292f3394
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__degrees.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mn>90</mn><mo>∘</mo></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">90^\circ</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__dots.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__dots.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e3e6c64b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__dots.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>,</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>,</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>…</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>⋯</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>⋮</mo><mo>⋱</mo><mo>…</mo><mo>⋯</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a, \dots, b \ldots c \cdots d \vdots \ddots \dotsc \dotsb</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__escaped-specials.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__escaped-specials.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a3cf18fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__escaped-specials.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mo stretchy="false">}</mo><mo>%</mo><mo>$</mo><mo>&amp;</mo><mo>#</mo><mo>_</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{ \} \% \$ \&amp; \# \_</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__greek-lower.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__greek-lower.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..ad1eb9b88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__greek-lower.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mi>β</mi><mi>γ</mi><mi>δ</mi><mi>ϵ</mi><mi>ε</mi><mi>ζ</mi><mi>η</mi><mi>θ</mi><mi>ϑ</mi><mi>ι</mi><mi>κ</mi><mi>λ</mi><mi>μ</mi><mi>ν</mi><mi>ξ</mi><mi>π</mi><mi>ϖ</mi><mi>ρ</mi><mi>ϱ</mi><mi>σ</mi><mi>ς</mi><mi>τ</mi><mi>υ</mi><mi>ϕ</mi><mi>φ</mi><mi>χ</mi><mi>ψ</mi><mi>ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\alpha \beta \gamma \delta \epsilon \varepsilon \zeta \eta \theta \vartheta \iota \kappa \lambda \mu \nu \xi \pi \varpi \rho \varrho \sigma \varsigma \tau \upsilon \phi \varphi \chi \psi \omega</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__greek-upper.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__greek-upper.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0ab4e8321
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__greek-upper.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">Γ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ξ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Π</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Σ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Υ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Φ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ψ</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">Ω</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\Gamma \Delta \Theta \Lambda \Xi \Pi \Sigma \Upsilon \Phi \Psi \Omega</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__harpoons.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__harpoons.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..abc4ed676
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__harpoons.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>⇀</mo><mo>↽</mo><mo>⇌</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\rightharpoonup \leftharpoondown \rightleftharpoons</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__logic.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__logic.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5db3fa38e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__logic.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>p</mi><mo>∧</mo><mi>q</mi><mo>∨</mo><mo>¬</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>⟹</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>⟺</mo><mi>t</mi><mo>⊢</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>⊧</mo><mi>v</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">p \land q \lor \neg r \implies s \iff t \vdash u \models v</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__long-arrows.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__long-arrows.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb1eca4bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__long-arrows.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>--&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;--</mo><mo>==&gt;</mo><mo>⟼</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\longrightarrow \longleftarrow \Longrightarrow \longmapsto</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__lvert-rvert.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__lvert-rvert.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7ae45b730
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__lvert-rvert.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">‖</mo><mi>x</mi><mo stretchy="false">‖</mo><mo>+</mo><mo stretchy="false">|</mo><mi>y</mi><mo stretchy="false">|</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lVert x \rVert + \lvert y \rvert</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__mid.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__mid.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..58a49345a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__mid.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo stretchy="false">{</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>∣</mo><mi>x</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn><mo stretchy="false">}</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\{ x \mid x &gt; 0 \}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__misc.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__misc.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..11f332cd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__misc.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>∞</mo><mo>∂</mo><mo>∇</mo><mo>∀</mo><mo>∃</mo><mo>∅</mo><mo>∅</mo><mo>⊤</mo><mo>⊥</mo><mi>ℑ</mi><mi>ℜ</mi><mi>א</mi><mi>ħ</mi><mi>ℓ</mi><mo>℘</mo><mo>′</mo><mo>∠</mo><mo>△</mo><mo>□</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\infty \partial \nabla \forall \exists \emptyset \varnothing \top \bot \Im \Re \aleph \hbar \ell \wp \prime \angle \triangle \square</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__neq-variants.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__neq-variants.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4c4eb4c36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__neq-variants.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>≠</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>≠</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>≢</mo><mi>d</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \neq b \ne c \not\equiv d</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__relations.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__relations.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f2f466887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__relations.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mo>≤</mo><mi>b</mi><mo>≥</mo><mi>c</mi><mo>≈</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>≡</mo><mi>e</mi><mo>∼</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>∝</mo><mi>g</mi><mo>∈</mo><mi>h</mi><mo>⊂</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>⊆</mo><mi>j</mi><mo>≪</mo><mi>k</mi><mo>≫</mo><mi>l</mi><mo>≃</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>≅</mo><mi>n</mi><mo>⟂</mo><mi>o</mi><mo>∥</mo><mi>p</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \leq b \geq c \approx d \equiv e \sim f \propto g \in h \subset i \subseteq j \ll k \gg l \simeq m \cong n \perp o \parallel p</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__set-ops.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__set-ops.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..29cc77854
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__set-ops.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>∪</mo><mi>B</mi><mo>∩</mo><mi>C</mi><mo>∖</mo><mi>D</mi><mo>⊂</mo><mi>E</mi><mo>⊃</mo><mi>F</mi><mo>∉</mo><mi>G</mi><mo>∋</mo><mi>H</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A \cup B \cap C \setminus D \subset E \supset F \notin G \ni H</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__text-symbols.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__text-symbols.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..626993e49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__text-symbols.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mo>§</mo><mo>¶</mo><mo>†</mo><mo>‡</mo><mo>©</mo><mo>£</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\S \P \dag \ddag \copyright \pounds</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__unicode-and-command-mixed.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__unicode-and-command-mixed.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e8f6f943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__unicode-and-command-mixed.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>β</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>γ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α + \beta = γ</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__xarrows.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__xarrows.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b5b26298b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__symbols__xarrows.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>a</mi><mover><mo stretchy="true">→</mo><mi>f</mi></mover><mi>b</mi><mover><mo stretchy="true">←</mo><mo stretchy="false">[</mo></mover><mi>g</mi><mo stretchy="false">]</mo><mrow><mi>h</mi></mrow><mi>c</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a \xrightarrow{f} b \xleftarrow[g]{h} c</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__bm.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__bm.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f24254b43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__bm.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝜷</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\bm{\beta}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__boldsymbol.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__boldsymbol.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..7b4ea8e14
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__boldsymbol.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝜷</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\boldsymbol{\beta}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__color-switch.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__color-switch.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..2c46aa8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__color-switch.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mstyle mathcolor="blue"><mi>x</mi></mstyle></mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\color{blue} x} y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__displaystyle.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__displaystyle.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c0d953f35
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__displaystyle.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><msub><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></msub><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\displaystyle \sum_i x_i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathbb.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathbb.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6d8afd4af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathbb.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>ℝ</mi><mi>n</mi></msup></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbb{R}^n</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathbf.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathbf.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..99023b3bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathbf.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>𝐱</mi><mo>⊤</mo></msup><mi>𝐲</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbf{x}^\top \mathbf{y}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathcal.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathcal.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..44333faed
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathcal.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝒫</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>ℕ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathcal{P}(\mathbb{N})</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathfrak.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathfrak.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..694b76edc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathfrak.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝔤</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathfrak{g}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathit-mathsf-mathtt.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathit-mathsf-mathtt.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1c7d524a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathit-mathsf-mathtt.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>𝑥</mi><mi>𝗒</mi><mi>𝚣</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathit{x} \mathsf{y} \mathtt{z}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm-bare-arg.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm-bare-arg.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..be4910c8f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm-bare-arg.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathrm r \mathrm S</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm-multi.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm-multi.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..de7486b55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm-multi.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi></mrow><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>μ</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathrm{Pois}(\mu)</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..81427ddd5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathrm.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathrm{d}x</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathscr.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathscr.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..184dfea6c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mathscr.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ℒ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathscr{L}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mbox.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mbox.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..92345365c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__mbox.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>for all </mtext><mi>x</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mbox{for all } x</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__old-style-bf.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__old-style-bf.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..bcd1b91b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__old-style-bf.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>𝐱</mi></mrow><mi>y</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\bf x} y</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__old-style-rm-it.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__old-style-rm-it.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..63e788c50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__old-style-rm-it.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>𝑥</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\rm d}{\it x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__style-on-multi-token.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__style-on-multi-token.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..93ab412d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__style-on-multi-token.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mrow><mi>𝐚</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>𝐛</mi></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\mathbf{a + b}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-nested-math.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-nested-math.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5501d596b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-nested-math.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>if $x &gt; 0$ then</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{if $x &gt; 0$ then}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-special-chars.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-special-chars.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..696121b65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-special-chars.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>50\% of \$x</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{50\% of \$x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-with-spaces.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-with-spaces.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3f1433098
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text-with-spaces.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>the quick brown fox</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\text{the quick brown fox}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9a9aefcbb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__text.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>x</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn><mtext> if </mtext><mi>y</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x = 1 \text{ if } y &gt; 0</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textbf-textit.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textbf-textit.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..1cee94cf4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textbf-textit.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>𝐛𝐨𝐥𝐝</mtext><mtext>𝑖𝑡</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\textbf{bold} \textit{it}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textcolor.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textcolor.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..f381a4d0f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textcolor.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mstyle mathcolor="red"><mi>x</mi></mstyle></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\textcolor{red}{x}</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textstyle_display.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textstyle_display.snap
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..26b5e0289
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__mathml__mathml__text-and-styles__textstyle_display.snap
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+---
+source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/mathml.rs
+expression: to_mathml(&n)
+---
+<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mrow><munder><mo>∑</mo><mi>i</mi></munder><msub><mi>x</mi><mi>i</mi></msub></mrow></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\textstyle \sum_i x_i</annotation></semantics></math>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__normalize__ast__basic__prime.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__normalize__ast__basic__prime.snap
index 665908274..9bedd3ea8 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__normalize__ast__basic__prime.snap
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__normalize__ast__basic__prime.snap
@@ -3,14 +3,19 @@ source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/normalize.rs
 expression: rendered(&n)
 ---
 row @0..14
-  run "f" @0..1
+  scripts Auto @0..2
+    run "f" @0..1
+    sup:
+      sym "′" @1..2
   run "(" @2..3
   run "x" @3..4
   run ")" @4..5
-  row @6..10
+  scripts Auto @6..11
     row @6..9
       run "=" @6..7
       run "f" @8..9
+    sup:
+      sym "″" @9..11
   run "(" @11..12
   run "x" @12..13
   run ")" @13..14
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__normalize__ast__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__normalize__ast__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
index bb29ee9c6..ab1d07762 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__normalize__ast__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__normalize__ast__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@ expression: rendered(&n)
 ---
 row @0..4
   scripts Auto @0..4
-    row @0..2
-      run "x" @0..1
+    run "x" @0..1
     sup:
-      run "2" @3..4
+      row @1..4
+        sym "′" @1..2
+        run "2" @3..4
 -- problems --
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__omml__omml__basic__prime.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__omml__omml__basic__prime.snap
index e87824b8b..3c54fb0c0 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__omml__omml__basic__prime.snap
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__omml__omml__basic__prime.snap
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/omml.rs
 expression: to_omml(&n)
 ---
-<m:oMath><m:r><m:t>f</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>(</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>x</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>)</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>=</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>f</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>(</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>x</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>)</m:t></m:r></m:oMath>
+<m:oMath><m:sSup><m:e><m:r><m:t>f</m:t></m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><m:t>′</m:t></m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r><m:t>(</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>x</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>)</m:t></m:r><m:sSup><m:e><m:r><m:t>=</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>f</m:t></m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><m:t>″</m:t></m:r></m:sup></m:sSup><m:r><m:t>(</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>x</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>)</m:t></m:r></m:oMath>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__omml__omml__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__omml__omml__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
index 95d40eb32..2238404c1 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__omml__omml__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__omml__omml__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/omml.rs
 expression: to_omml(&n)
 ---
-<m:oMath><m:sSup><m:e><m:r><m:t>x</m:t></m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><m:t>2</m:t></m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath>
+<m:oMath><m:sSup><m:e><m:r><m:t>x</m:t></m:r></m:e><m:sup><m:r><m:t>′</m:t></m:r><m:r><m:t>2</m:t></m:r></m:sup></m:sSup></m:oMath>
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__typst__typst__basic__prime.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__typst__typst__basic__prime.snap
index 00d87b9ed..579d2a7a0 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__typst__typst__basic__prime.snap
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__typst__typst__basic__prime.snap
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/typst.rs
 expression: to_typst(&n)
 ---
-f ( x ) = f ( x )
+f^(′) ( x ) (= f)^(″) ( x )
diff --git a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__typst__typst__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__typst__typst__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
index 91703116a..650229fe7 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__typst__typst__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
+++ b/crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/snapshots/integration__typst__typst__scripts__prime-with-sup.snap
@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 source: crates/quarto-math/tests/integration/typst.rs
 expression: to_typst(&n)
 ---
-x^(2)
+x^(′ 2)

From 9c9fe83f357c5a81ed5ef4ded5567c276221edd9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Carlos Scheidegger <carlos.scheidegger@posit.co>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2026 18:41:09 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 2/4] =?UTF-8?q?html-math-method:=20mathml=20=E2=80=94=20na?=
 =?UTF-8?q?tive=20MathML=20for=20format:=20html=20(bd-3evfzwal)?=
MIME-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

New `MathMlStage` (after `EquationNumberStage`, before `MathJsStage`):
under `html-math-method: mathml` every `Inline::Math` is converted with
`quarto_math::convert(Target::MathMl)` and replaced by the usual
`span.math.inline|display` wrapper around the `<math>` element, so a
document whose math all converts loads no JavaScript. Expressions the
converter rejects stay TeX; `MathJsStage` then loads MathJax only for
those (the hybrid fallback, plan decision 2), and the `Q-22-*`
diagnostic is reported as a located warning since the page renders.
Before this, `html-math-method: mathml` was a silent no-op (raw TeX,
no renderer).

- quarto-core depends on quarto-math; `MathEngine::from_meta` maps
  `mathml` to the MathJax default, which is inert unless math survives
  the MathML stage (pinned by the stage-order test and a unit test).
- New `crate::ast_walk::for_each_inline_mut`, the mutable inline walk
  both post-filter stages now share (the numbering stage's private
  walker is gone).
- `math-ml` joins the q2-preview exclusion list (the preview keeps
  KaTeX client-side).
- MathJax config fix: q2's `skipHtmlTags` overrode MathJax's defaults
  and dropped `annotation`/`annotation-xml`, so a loader brought in for
  a leftover expression re-typeset the `\begin{…}` text inside the
  converted math's annotations (found in a headless browser as
  zero-size assistive MathML). Restored with a unit test and an
  end-to-end assertion.
- Docs: `docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd` (methods table, the
  MathML mode, fallback, fonts, `\cancel`), linked from `Q-22-1`.

Tests (written first): 5 end-to-end tests in `math_mode_pipeline.rs`
(native MathML + sibling label + no loader; MathJax fallback with a
`Q-22-1` warning; math-free; math in headers/lists/tables/footnotes;
two-page website), 5 stage unit tests, the fallback test in math-js,
and the stage-list assertions (27 stages). Three Phase 1 tests that
asserted the TeX stayed under `mathml` now assert the annotation.

End-to-end (real binary + headless Chromium, recorded in the plan):
four native `<math>` elements with real heights, exactly one
MathJax-typeset leftover, the `(1)` label right of the equation on the
same row, one `Q-22-1` warning pointing at `\bogus` in the `.qmd`.

Plan: claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 Cargo.lock                                    |   1 +
 ...026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md |  54 ++-
 crates/quarto-core/Cargo.toml                 |   2 +
 crates/quarto-core/src/ast_walk.rs            | 151 +++++++
 crates/quarto-core/src/lib.rs                 |   1 +
 crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs            |  35 +-
 crates/quarto-core/src/stage/mod.rs           |   2 +-
 .../src/stage/stages/equation_number.rs       | 180 ++-------
 .../quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_js.rs   |  70 +++-
 .../quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs   | 372 ++++++++++++++++++
 crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/mod.rs    |   5 +
 .../equation_numbering_pipeline.rs            |  21 +-
 .../tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs   | 164 ++++++++
 crates/wasm-quarto-hub-client/Cargo.lock      | 174 +++++++-
 docs/errors/math/Q-22-1.qmd                   |   2 +-
 docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd             |  66 ++++
 16 files changed, 1100 insertions(+), 200 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 crates/quarto-core/src/ast_walk.rs
 create mode 100644 crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs
 create mode 100644 docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd

diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 4d7779656..136986978 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -5494,6 +5494,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "quarto-error-catalog",
  "quarto-error-reporting",
  "quarto-highlight",
+ "quarto-math",
  "quarto-navigation",
  "quarto-pandoc-types",
  "quarto-sass",
diff --git a/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md b/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
index be906ee94..39f7b1966 100644
--- a/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
+++ b/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 # Format-specific equation numbering and `html-math-method: mathml`
 
 **Status:** approved 2026-09-21 (all five open decisions settled with the
-user, each as recommended); executing Phase 1.
+user, each as recommended). Phases 1–3 implemented and committed the same
+day on three branches (see Phase 0); nothing pushed yet.
 **Strands:** bd-vlhi2zkj (Phase 1, equation numbering; branch
 `braid/bd-vlhi2zkj-equation-numbering` off `main`), bd-9z83tcv0 (Phase 2,
 MathML writer, p2), bd-3evfzwal (Phase 3, `MathMlStage`; blocked on the
@@ -273,7 +274,7 @@ as its base, filed as bd-0mzhnxft.
 
 ### Phase 3 — `MathMlStage` for `format: html` (new strand, stacked on #706 + Phase 1)
 
-- [ ] **End-to-end tests in `math_mode_pipeline.rs`**: `html-math-method:
+- [x] (2026-09-21; 5 tests appended to `math_mode_pipeline.rs`) **End-to-end tests in `math_mode_pipeline.rs`**: `html-math-method:
       mathml` with inline + display + numbered math → `<math` present, the
       `\(`/`\[` delimiters absent, no MathJax/KaTeX loader, the numbered
       equation carries its sibling label; an expression with an unknown
@@ -281,34 +282,69 @@ as its base, filed as bd-0mzhnxft.
       render diagnostics, and (hybrid, see decisions) the MathJax loader
       present; a math-free document → no `<math`, no loader; a website with
       one mathml page and one math-free page.
-- [ ] **Stage unit tests**: converts `Inline::Math` inside paragraphs,
+- [x] (2026-09-21; 5 tests in `math_ml.rs`; the walker is now the shared `crate::ast_walk::for_each_inline_mut`, which `EquationNumberStage` uses too) **Stage unit tests**: converts `Inline::Math` inside paragraphs,
       headers, list items, table cells and `CustomNode` slots (reuse the
       walker shape of `doc_has_math`); passes `Math.text_source` (falling
       back to `source_info`) so diagnostics point into the `.qmd`; leaves
       failed expressions as `Inline::Math`.
-- [ ] **`MathJsStage` hybrid test**: for method `mathml`, injection happens
+- [x] (2026-09-21) **`MathJsStage` hybrid test**: for method `mathml`, injection happens
       iff an `Inline::Math` survives the MathML stage.
-- [ ] Implement `crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs`, registered
+- [x] (2026-09-21; conversion errors are downgraded to warnings since the page still renders via MathJax; quarto-core now depends on quarto-math) Implement `crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs`, registered
       right after `EquationNumberStage`, gated on `MathMethod::MathMl`, using
       `quarto_math::convert(text, mode, Target::MathMl, &text_source,
       Spec::builtin())`, `ctx.add_diagnostics` for every conversion.
       Add `"math-ml"` to `Q2_PREVIEW_STAGE_EXCLUDED` (the preview renders
       `Inline::Math` with KaTeX client-side).
-- [ ] `MathEngine::from_meta` (via `MathMethod`): `MathMl` maps to the
+- [x] (2026-09-21) `MathEngine::from_meta` (via `MathMethod`): `MathMl` maps to the
       MathJax default engine when leftovers exist, `None` otherwise.
-- [ ] Docs: new `docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd` documenting
+- [x] (2026-09-21; linked from `Q-22-1`'s page; the HTML format guides are not in the docs sidebar today, same as `themes.qmd`) Docs: new `docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd` documenting
       `html-math-method` (`mathjax` default, `katex`, `mathml` and its
       browser/font caveats, the hybrid fallback and the `Q-22-*` warnings);
       link `Q-22-1`'s page to it.
-- [ ] **End-to-end browser verification** (required by CLAUDE.md): render
+- [x] (2026-09-21, see below) **End-to-end browser verification** (required by CLAUDE.md): render
       the probe document with `cargo run --bin q2 -- render`, open it in a
       real browser (Chrome MCP, or the headless Playwright fallback), confirm
       `document.querySelector('math')` has a non-zero box and the label sits
       on the right of the numbered equation; screenshot. Record invocation
       and output snippet here.
-- [ ] Full `cargo xtask verify` (quarto-core changed; hub-client WASM leg
+- [x] (2026-09-21: full `cargo xtask verify` green — 14248 Rust tests, ts-packages, hub-client build incl. the WASM leg with quarto-math linked in, hub-client tests) Full `cargo xtask verify` (quarto-core changed; hub-client WASM leg
       picks up the new quarto-math code path).
 
+**End-to-end verification (2026-09-21, real binary + headless Chromium,
+output inspected).** Probe document with `html-math-method: mathml`:
+inline `$x^2 + \frac{a}{b}$` and `$\alpha \leq \beta$`, a numbered
+display equation (`\sum … \int …` with `{#eq-one}`), a display block with
+`pmatrix` + `cases`, an `@eq-one` reference, and one deliberately
+unconvertible `$x + \bogus y$`. `cargo run --bin q2 -- render doc.qmd`
+prints exactly one diagnostic:
+
+```
+Warning: [Q-22-1] Unknown Math Command
+   ╭─[ doc.qmd:20:40 ]
+20 │ See @eq-one. This one falls back: $x + \bogus y$.
+   │                                        ───┬──
+   │                                           ╰──── unknown command `\bogus`
+```
+
+The HTML has four `<math xmlns=…>` elements (two `display="block"`), the
+numbered equation as
+`…</math></span><span class="quarto-eq-number">(1)</span></span>`, the
+leftover as `<span class="math inline">\(x + \bogus y\)</span>`, and one
+MathJax config whose `skipHtmlTags` now lists `annotation`. Headless
+Chromium (Playwright, MathJax allowed to load from the CDN) reports: the
+four native `<math>` boxes have heights 22/16/27/39 px; exactly one
+MathJax-typeset element exists (`x+\bogus y`); the `(1)` label sits to
+the right of the equation, flush with the row's right edge, vertically
+centred on it. Screenshot reviewed: fractions, the sum with under/over
+limits, the integral with side limits, the fenced matrix and the cases
+brace all render natively.
+
+The first browser pass caught a real bug: q2's MathJax config overrode
+MathJax's default `skipHtmlTags`, dropping `annotation`, so the fallback
+loader re-typeset the `\begin{pmatrix}`/`\begin{cases}` text inside the
+converted math's annotations (zero-size assistive MathML in the DOM).
+Fixed with a unit test on the config and an end-to-end assertion.
+
 ## Decisions (all settled 2026-09-21, each as recommended)
 
 1. **Attribute key.** `quarto-eq-number` as proposed, or a shorter
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/Cargo.toml b/crates/quarto-core/Cargo.toml
index b282d1059..0de69ad38 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/Cargo.toml
@@ -61,6 +61,8 @@ pampa = { workspace = true, features = ["lua-filter", "json-filter"] }
 # `quarto-highlight` crate itself to avoid compiling wasmtime for the
 # wasm32-unknown-unknown target.
 quarto-highlight.workspace = true
+# `MathMlStage` (html-math-method: mathml) converts math at render time.
+quarto-math = { path = "../quarto-math" }
 
 # Used by the listings module's `b64_encode_unicode` helper (mirroring
 # Q1's `b64EncodeUnicode` for the categories click handler). Available
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/ast_walk.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/ast_walk.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..30b9475cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/ast_walk.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/*
+ * ast_walk.rs
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Posit, PBC
+ */
+
+//! Mutable traversal of every inline in a document.
+//!
+//! Several post-filter stages need to visit each `Inline` wherever it
+//! sits — paragraph, header, list item, table cell, caption, footnote, or
+//! a custom node's slots — and either edit it in place or replace it.
+//! This is that walk, written once. It is pre-order: `f` sees a node
+//! before the walk descends into the node's own content, so a
+//! replacement's children are visited too.
+
+use quarto_pandoc_types::block::Block;
+use quarto_pandoc_types::custom::Slot;
+use quarto_pandoc_types::inline::{Inline, Inlines};
+
+/// Call `f` on every inline under `blocks`, in document order.
+pub fn for_each_inline_mut(blocks: &mut [Block], f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Inline)) {
+    for block in blocks.iter_mut() {
+        visit_block(block, f);
+    }
+}
+
+fn visit_block(block: &mut Block, f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Inline)) {
+    match block {
+        Block::Plain(p) => visit_inlines(&mut p.content, f),
+        Block::Paragraph(p) => visit_inlines(&mut p.content, f),
+        Block::LineBlock(lb) => {
+            for line in lb.content.iter_mut() {
+                visit_inlines(line, f);
+            }
+        }
+        Block::BlockQuote(bq) => for_each_inline_mut(&mut bq.content, f),
+        Block::OrderedList(ol) => {
+            for item in ol.content.iter_mut() {
+                for_each_inline_mut(item, f);
+            }
+        }
+        Block::BulletList(bl) => {
+            for item in bl.content.iter_mut() {
+                for_each_inline_mut(item, f);
+            }
+        }
+        Block::DefinitionList(dl) => {
+            for (term, defs) in dl.content.iter_mut() {
+                visit_inlines(term, f);
+                for def in defs.iter_mut() {
+                    for_each_inline_mut(def, f);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Block::Header(h) => visit_inlines(&mut h.content, f),
+        Block::Div(d) => for_each_inline_mut(&mut d.content, f),
+        Block::Figure(fig) => {
+            if let Some(short) = fig.caption.short.as_mut() {
+                visit_inlines(short, f);
+            }
+            if let Some(long) = fig.caption.long.as_mut() {
+                for_each_inline_mut(long, f);
+            }
+            for_each_inline_mut(&mut fig.content, f);
+        }
+        Block::Table(t) => {
+            if let Some(short) = t.caption.short.as_mut() {
+                visit_inlines(short, f);
+            }
+            if let Some(long) = t.caption.long.as_mut() {
+                for_each_inline_mut(long, f);
+            }
+            for row in t.head.rows.iter_mut().chain(t.foot.rows.iter_mut()) {
+                for cell in row.cells.iter_mut() {
+                    for_each_inline_mut(&mut cell.content, f);
+                }
+            }
+            for body in t.bodies.iter_mut() {
+                for row in body.head.iter_mut().chain(body.body.iter_mut()) {
+                    for cell in row.cells.iter_mut() {
+                        for_each_inline_mut(&mut cell.content, f);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Block::CaptionBlock(cb) => visit_inlines(&mut cb.content, f),
+        Block::Custom(c) => {
+            for (_name, slot) in c.slots.iter_mut() {
+                visit_slot(slot, f);
+            }
+        }
+        Block::CodeBlock(_)
+        | Block::RawBlock(_)
+        | Block::HorizontalRule(_)
+        | Block::BlockMetadata(_)
+        | Block::NoteDefinitionPara(_)
+        | Block::NoteDefinitionFencedBlock(_) => {}
+    }
+}
+
+fn visit_inlines(inlines: &mut Inlines, f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Inline)) {
+    for inline in inlines.iter_mut() {
+        visit_inline(inline, f);
+    }
+}
+
+fn visit_inline(inline: &mut Inline, f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Inline)) {
+    f(inline);
+    match inline {
+        Inline::Emph(e) => visit_inlines(&mut e.content, f),
+        Inline::Underline(u) => visit_inlines(&mut u.content, f),
+        Inline::Strong(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, f),
+        Inline::Strikeout(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, f),
+        Inline::Superscript(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, f),
+        Inline::Subscript(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, f),
+        Inline::SmallCaps(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, f),
+        Inline::Quoted(q) => visit_inlines(&mut q.content, f),
+        Inline::Link(l) => visit_inlines(&mut l.content, f),
+        Inline::Image(i) => visit_inlines(&mut i.content, f),
+        Inline::Span(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, f),
+        Inline::Note(n) => for_each_inline_mut(&mut n.content, f),
+        Inline::Insert(i) => visit_inlines(&mut i.content, f),
+        Inline::Delete(d) => visit_inlines(&mut d.content, f),
+        Inline::Highlight(h) => visit_inlines(&mut h.content, f),
+        Inline::Custom(c) => {
+            for (_name, slot) in c.slots.iter_mut() {
+                visit_slot(slot, f);
+            }
+        }
+        Inline::Str(_)
+        | Inline::Cite(_)
+        | Inline::Code(_)
+        | Inline::Space(_)
+        | Inline::SoftBreak(_)
+        | Inline::LineBreak(_)
+        | Inline::Math(_)
+        | Inline::RawInline(_)
+        | Inline::Shortcode(_)
+        | Inline::NoteReference(_)
+        | Inline::Attr(_)
+        | Inline::EditComment(_) => {}
+    }
+}
+
+fn visit_slot(slot: &mut Slot, f: &mut dyn FnMut(&mut Inline)) {
+    match slot {
+        Slot::Block(b) => visit_block(b, f),
+        Slot::Blocks(bs) => for_each_inline_mut(bs, f),
+        Slot::Inline(i) => visit_inline(i, f),
+        Slot::Inlines(is) => visit_inlines(is, f),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/lib.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/lib.rs
index b98de68b7..ee668fe1d 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/lib.rs
@@ -38,6 +38,7 @@
 
 pub mod artifact;
 pub mod artifact_flush;
+pub mod ast_walk;
 pub mod attribution;
 pub mod brand_fonts;
 pub mod cell_options;
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs
index e126db139..2e65d1fdb 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ use crate::stage::{
     ApplyTemplateStage, AstTransformsStage, AttributionGenerateStage, CompileThemeCssStage,
     DocumentProfileStage, EngineExecutionStage, EquationNumberStage, IncludeExpansionStage,
     IncludeResolveStage, LanguageResolveStage, LinkResolutionStage, ListingItemInfoStage,
-    LoadedSource, MathJsStage, MetadataMergeStage, ParseDocumentStage, Pipeline, PipelineData,
-    PipelineStage, PreEngineSugaringStage, RenderHtmlBodyStage, ResourceReportStage,
+    LoadedSource, MathJsStage, MathMlStage, MetadataMergeStage, ParseDocumentStage, Pipeline,
+    PipelineData, PipelineStage, PreEngineSugaringStage, RenderHtmlBodyStage, ResourceReportStage,
     SourceConversionStage, StageContext, UnwrapProfileStage, UserFiltersStage,
 };
 use crate::transform::TransformPipeline;
@@ -362,6 +362,12 @@ pub fn build_html_pipeline_stages_with_options(
     // and this stage honours the result. A no-op in q2-preview, where
     // crossref-render is excluded and `Equation.tsx` numbers client-side.
     stages.push(Box::new(EquationNumberStage::new()));
+    // Native MathML (bd-3evfzwal): under `html-math-method: mathml`,
+    // convert every `Inline::Math` to `<math>` with quarto-math. Runs
+    // after equation-number (the number is already a sibling label, so
+    // the TeX is the author's) and before math-js, which loads MathJax
+    // only for the expressions this stage had to leave as TeX.
+    stages.push(Box::new(MathMlStage::new()));
     stages.push(Box::new(CodeHighlightStage::new()));
     // Math-mode (bd-w5ov): walk the post-transform AST and, when math
     // is present, populate `meta.math` with the engine's config + loader
@@ -401,7 +407,8 @@ pub fn build_html_pipeline_stages_with_options(
 /// (`q2_preview_stage_excluded_names_exist_in_html_pipeline`)
 /// fails the test suite if any name here is not an actual stage in
 /// the full HTML pipeline (typo / rename guard).
-const Q2_PREVIEW_STAGE_EXCLUDED: &[&str] = &["math-js", "render-html-body", "apply-template"];
+const Q2_PREVIEW_STAGE_EXCLUDED: &[&str] =
+    &["math-ml", "math-js", "render-html-body", "apply-template"];
 
 /// Build the q2-preview pipeline stages (Plan 1).
 ///
@@ -2178,9 +2185,9 @@ mod tests {
         // Merged pipeline: SourceConversionStage at [0] (branch) plus two
         // stages main added — LanguageResolveStage after metadata-merge
         // (bd-llhlzd7p) and TabsetsJsStage in the JS block
-        // (bd-toc-tabset-titles-zq93gjvf) — plus EquationNumberStage after
-        // the post filters (bd-vlhi2zkj): 26.
-        assert_eq!(stages.len(), 26);
+        // (bd-toc-tabset-titles-zq93gjvf) — plus EquationNumberStage and
+        // MathMlStage after the post filters (bd-vlhi2zkj, bd-3evfzwal): 27.
+        assert_eq!(stages.len(), 27);
         // Pre-parse file-claim/convert (Task 10).
         assert_eq!(stages[0].name(), "source-conversion");
         assert_eq!(stages[1].name(), "parse-document");
@@ -2233,14 +2240,18 @@ mod tests {
         // user-filters-post: a Lua post filter may rewrite or delete the
         // reserved `quarto-eq-number` attribute the stage consumes.
         assert_eq!(stages[21].name(), "equation-number");
-        assert_eq!(stages[22].name(), "code-highlight");
+        // Native MathML (bd-3evfzwal) follows equation-number (the TeX it
+        // converts carries no `\tag`) and precedes math-js (which loads
+        // MathJax only for what this stage left as TeX).
+        assert_eq!(stages[22].name(), "math-ml");
+        assert_eq!(stages[23].name(), "code-highlight");
         // Math-mode (bd-w5ov) walks the post-transform AST and
         // populates meta.math when math is present. Sits just before
         // render-html-body so any late-introduced math (sugar, user
         // filters, the `\tag{N}` equation-number encoding) is visible.
-        assert_eq!(stages[23].name(), "math-js");
-        assert_eq!(stages[24].name(), "render-html-body");
-        assert_eq!(stages[25].name(), "apply-template");
+        assert_eq!(stages[24].name(), "math-js");
+        assert_eq!(stages[25].name(), "render-html-body");
+        assert_eq!(stages[26].name(), "apply-template");
     }
 
     #[test]
@@ -2248,8 +2259,8 @@ mod tests {
         let pipeline = build_html_pipeline();
         // Merged pipeline carries both SourceConversionStage (Task 10, branch)
         // LanguageResolveStage and TabsetsJsStage (main), plus
-        // EquationNumberStage (bd-vlhi2zkj) → 26 stages.
-        assert_eq!(pipeline.len(), 26);
+        // EquationNumberStage and MathMlStage → 27 stages.
+        assert_eq!(pipeline.len(), 27);
     }
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/mod.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/mod.rs
index e2e185dcd..a717bc447 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/mod.rs
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ pub use stages::{
     ApplyTemplateStage, AstTransformsStage, AttributionGenerateStage, CaptureSpliceStage,
     CompileThemeCssStage, DocumentProfileStage, EngineExecutionStage, EquationNumberStage,
     IncludeExpansionStage, IncludeResolveStage, LanguageResolveStage, LinkResolutionStage,
-    ListingItemInfoStage, MathJsStage, MetadataMergeStage, ParseDocumentStage,
+    ListingItemInfoStage, MathJsStage, MathMlStage, MetadataMergeStage, ParseDocumentStage,
     PreEngineSugaringStage, RenderHtmlBodyStage, ResourceReportStage, SourceConversionStage,
     UnwrapProfileStage, UserFiltersStage, expand_document_includes,
 };
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/equation_number.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/equation_number.rs
index 3fb0f26e8..a0aaada7c 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/equation_number.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/equation_number.rs
@@ -43,10 +43,10 @@ use async_trait::async_trait;
 
 use quarto_pandoc_types::attr::AttrSourceInfo;
 use quarto_pandoc_types::block::Block;
-use quarto_pandoc_types::custom::Slot;
-use quarto_pandoc_types::inline::{Inline, Inlines, Math, MathType, Span, Str};
+use quarto_pandoc_types::inline::{Inline, Math, MathType, Span, Str};
 use quarto_source_map::SourceInfo;
 
+use crate::ast_walk::for_each_inline_mut;
 use crate::crossref::EQ_NUMBER_ATTR;
 use crate::format::Format;
 use crate::math_method::{MathMethod, MathMethodConfig};
@@ -136,10 +136,7 @@ impl PipelineStage for EquationNumberStage {
 
         let method = MathMethodConfig::from_meta(&doc.ast.meta).method;
         let encoding = NumberEncoding::for_document(&ctx.format, &method);
-        let mut outcome = Outcome::default();
-        for block in doc.ast.blocks.iter_mut() {
-            visit_block(block, encoding, &mut outcome);
-        }
+        let outcome = encode_document(&mut doc.ast.blocks, encoding);
 
         if outcome.encoded > 0 || outcome.non_canonical > 0 {
             trace_event!(
@@ -156,10 +153,14 @@ impl PipelineStage for EquationNumberStage {
     }
 }
 
+/// What one pass over a document did.
 #[derive(Default)]
-struct Outcome {
-    encoded: usize,
-    non_canonical: usize,
+pub struct Outcome {
+    /// Spans whose number was encoded.
+    pub encoded: usize,
+    /// Spans that carried the attribute but not `[Math(DisplayMath), …]`;
+    /// only the attribute was removed.
+    pub non_canonical: usize,
 }
 
 /// Apply `encoding` to one equation span that carried `number`. Returns
@@ -214,146 +215,23 @@ fn append_to_tex(math: &mut Math, suffix: &str) {
     math.text.push_str(suffix);
 }
 
-fn visit_block(block: &mut Block, encoding: NumberEncoding, out: &mut Outcome) {
-    match block {
-        Block::Plain(p) => visit_inlines(&mut p.content, encoding, out),
-        Block::Paragraph(p) => visit_inlines(&mut p.content, encoding, out),
-        Block::LineBlock(lb) => {
-            for line in lb.content.iter_mut() {
-                visit_inlines(line, encoding, out);
-            }
-        }
-        Block::BlockQuote(bq) => visit_blocks(&mut bq.content, encoding, out),
-        Block::OrderedList(ol) => {
-            for item in ol.content.iter_mut() {
-                visit_blocks(item, encoding, out);
-            }
-        }
-        Block::BulletList(bl) => {
-            for item in bl.content.iter_mut() {
-                visit_blocks(item, encoding, out);
-            }
-        }
-        Block::DefinitionList(dl) => {
-            for (term, defs) in dl.content.iter_mut() {
-                visit_inlines(term, encoding, out);
-                for def in defs.iter_mut() {
-                    visit_blocks(def, encoding, out);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Block::Header(h) => visit_inlines(&mut h.content, encoding, out),
-        Block::Div(d) => visit_blocks(&mut d.content, encoding, out),
-        Block::Figure(f) => {
-            if let Some(short) = f.caption.short.as_mut() {
-                visit_inlines(short, encoding, out);
-            }
-            if let Some(long) = f.caption.long.as_mut() {
-                visit_blocks(long, encoding, out);
-            }
-            visit_blocks(&mut f.content, encoding, out);
-        }
-        Block::Table(t) => {
-            if let Some(short) = t.caption.short.as_mut() {
-                visit_inlines(short, encoding, out);
-            }
-            if let Some(long) = t.caption.long.as_mut() {
-                visit_blocks(long, encoding, out);
-            }
-            for row in t.head.rows.iter_mut().chain(t.foot.rows.iter_mut()) {
-                for cell in row.cells.iter_mut() {
-                    visit_blocks(&mut cell.content, encoding, out);
-                }
-            }
-            for body in t.bodies.iter_mut() {
-                for row in body.head.iter_mut().chain(body.body.iter_mut()) {
-                    for cell in row.cells.iter_mut() {
-                        visit_blocks(&mut cell.content, encoding, out);
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        Block::CaptionBlock(cb) => visit_inlines(&mut cb.content, encoding, out),
-        Block::Custom(c) => {
-            for (_name, slot) in c.slots.iter_mut() {
-                visit_slot(slot, encoding, out);
-            }
-        }
-        Block::CodeBlock(_)
-        | Block::RawBlock(_)
-        | Block::HorizontalRule(_)
-        | Block::BlockMetadata(_)
-        | Block::NoteDefinitionPara(_)
-        | Block::NoteDefinitionFencedBlock(_) => {}
-    }
-}
-
-fn visit_blocks(blocks: &mut [Block], encoding: NumberEncoding, out: &mut Outcome) {
-    for block in blocks.iter_mut() {
-        visit_block(block, encoding, out);
-    }
-}
-
-fn visit_inlines(inlines: &mut Inlines, encoding: NumberEncoding, out: &mut Outcome) {
-    for inline in inlines.iter_mut() {
-        visit_inline(inline, encoding, out);
-    }
-}
-
-fn visit_inline(inline: &mut Inline, encoding: NumberEncoding, out: &mut Outcome) {
-    match inline {
-        Inline::Span(s) => {
-            if let Some(number) = s.attr.2.remove(EQ_NUMBER_ATTR) {
-                if encode_number(s, &number, encoding) {
-                    out.encoded += 1;
-                } else {
-                    out.non_canonical += 1;
-                }
-            }
-            // A filter may have nested things; keep walking.
-            visit_inlines(&mut s.content, encoding, out);
-        }
-        Inline::Emph(e) => visit_inlines(&mut e.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Underline(u) => visit_inlines(&mut u.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Strong(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Strikeout(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Superscript(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Subscript(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::SmallCaps(s) => visit_inlines(&mut s.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Quoted(q) => visit_inlines(&mut q.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Link(l) => visit_inlines(&mut l.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Image(i) => visit_inlines(&mut i.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Note(n) => visit_blocks(&mut n.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Insert(i) => visit_inlines(&mut i.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Delete(d) => visit_inlines(&mut d.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Highlight(h) => visit_inlines(&mut h.content, encoding, out),
-        Inline::Custom(c) => {
-            for (_name, slot) in c.slots.iter_mut() {
-                visit_slot(slot, encoding, out);
-            }
+/// Encode every `quarto-eq-number` attribute under `blocks` and remove it.
+pub fn encode_document(blocks: &mut [Block], encoding: NumberEncoding) -> Outcome {
+    let mut out = Outcome::default();
+    for_each_inline_mut(blocks, &mut |inline| {
+        let Inline::Span(span) = inline else {
+            return;
+        };
+        let Some(number) = span.attr.2.remove(EQ_NUMBER_ATTR) else {
+            return;
+        };
+        if encode_number(span, &number, encoding) {
+            out.encoded += 1;
+        } else {
+            out.non_canonical += 1;
         }
-        Inline::Str(_)
-        | Inline::Cite(_)
-        | Inline::Code(_)
-        | Inline::Space(_)
-        | Inline::SoftBreak(_)
-        | Inline::LineBreak(_)
-        | Inline::Math(_)
-        | Inline::RawInline(_)
-        | Inline::Shortcode(_)
-        | Inline::NoteReference(_)
-        | Inline::Attr(_)
-        | Inline::EditComment(_) => {}
-    }
-}
-
-fn visit_slot(slot: &mut Slot, encoding: NumberEncoding, out: &mut Outcome) {
-    match slot {
-        Slot::Block(b) => visit_block(b, encoding, out),
-        Slot::Blocks(bs) => visit_blocks(bs, encoding, out),
-        Slot::Inline(i) => visit_inline(i, encoding, out),
-        Slot::Inlines(is) => visit_inlines(is, encoding, out),
-    }
+    });
+    out
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -631,9 +509,7 @@ mod tests {
     // ── the walker ─────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
     fn walk(blocks: &mut [Block], encoding: NumberEncoding) -> Outcome {
-        let mut out = Outcome::default();
-        visit_blocks(blocks, encoding, &mut out);
-        out
+        encode_document(blocks, encoding)
     }
 
     fn para(content: Vec<Inline>) -> Block {
@@ -646,7 +522,7 @@ mod tests {
     #[test]
     fn walker_reaches_spans_nested_in_blocks_inlines_and_custom_slots() {
         use quarto_pandoc_types::block::{BulletList, Div};
-        use quarto_pandoc_types::custom::CustomNode;
+        use quarto_pandoc_types::custom::{CustomNode, Slot};
         use quarto_pandoc_types::inline::Emph;
 
         let eq = || Inline::Span(numbered_span("1", vec![math(MathType::DisplayMath, "x")]));
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_js.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_js.rs
index f1279b9c2..011131ce2 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_js.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_js.rs
@@ -111,11 +111,18 @@ impl MathEngine {
     /// engine's default loader location).
     ///
     /// Returns `None` for methods q2 does not load an engine for:
-    /// `plain`, `mathml` (converted at render time by bd-3evfzwal),
-    /// `webtex`, `gladtex` and unknown strings. The caller then leaves
-    /// `meta.math` unset so the author can supply their own approach via
-    /// includes / a custom template. Absent, `mathjax` and `katex` never
-    /// yield `None`.
+    /// `plain`, `webtex`, `gladtex` and unknown strings. The caller then
+    /// leaves `meta.math` unset so the author can supply their own
+    /// approach via includes / a custom template. Absent, `mathjax` and
+    /// `katex` never yield `None`.
+    ///
+    /// `mathml` yields the default MathJax engine: `MathMlStage` runs
+    /// before this stage and converts every expression it can, so any
+    /// `Inline::Math` still in the document is one it had to leave as TeX
+    /// (bd-3evfzwal, the hybrid fallback). This stage only injects when
+    /// the walk finds math, so a fully converted document loads nothing.
+    /// The object form's `url` is ignored for `mathml` (it names a
+    /// MathML converter, not a loader).
     pub fn from_meta(meta: &ConfigValue) -> Option<Self> {
         let MathMethodConfig { method, url } = MathMethodConfig::from_meta(meta);
         match method {
@@ -125,7 +132,8 @@ impl MathEngine {
             MathMethod::Katex => Some(Self::Katex {
                 url_base: url.unwrap_or_else(|| DEFAULT_KATEX_URL_BASE.to_string()),
             }),
-            MathMethod::MathMl | MathMethod::Plain | MathMethod::Unknown(_) => None,
+            MathMethod::MathMl => Some(Self::default_engine()),
+            MathMethod::Plain | MathMethod::Unknown(_) => None,
         }
     }
 
@@ -154,7 +162,11 @@ impl MathEngine {
 ///   equations — `CrossrefRenderTransform` injects `\tag{N}` so this
 ///   flag is required for equation numbering to render.
 /// - `options.skipHtmlTags` excludes elements MathJax must not typeset
-///   (code blocks, scripts, pre, etc.) — Pandoc's defaults.
+///   (scripts, pre, etc.). `annotation`/`annotation-xml` are MathJax's own
+///   defaults and must stay: under `html-math-method: mathml` the converted
+///   `<math>` elements carry their TeX in an `<annotation>`, and a loader
+///   brought in for a leftover expression (bd-3evfzwal) would otherwise
+///   re-typeset every `\begin{…}` it finds there.
 fn mathjax_slot_html(url: &str) -> String {
     format!(
         "<script>\n\
@@ -165,7 +177,7 @@ fn mathjax_slot_html(url: &str) -> String {
          \x20\x20\x20\x20tags: 'ams',\n\
          \x20\x20}},\n\
          \x20\x20options: {{\n\
-         \x20\x20\x20\x20skipHtmlTags: ['script', 'noscript', 'style', 'textarea', 'pre'],\n\
+         \x20\x20\x20\x20skipHtmlTags: ['script', 'noscript', 'style', 'textarea', 'pre', 'annotation', 'annotation-xml'],\n\
          \x20\x20}},\n\
          }};\n\
          </script>\n\
@@ -410,7 +422,7 @@ impl PipelineStage for MathJsStage {
 
         // Read the user-selected engine (or fall back to default).
         // `from_meta` returns `None` for explicitly-unsupported methods
-        // (`webtex` / `gladtex` / `mathml` / `plain` — deferred). In
+        // (`webtex` / `gladtex` / `plain`). In
         // that case we leave `meta.math` unset so the document author
         // can supply their own approach via includes / custom template.
         let Some(engine) = MathEngine::from_meta(&doc.ast.meta) else {
@@ -969,6 +981,46 @@ mod tests {
         );
     }
 
+    /// `html-math-method: mathml` (bd-3evfzwal): MathJax is the fallback
+    /// for expressions `MathMlStage` left as TeX, so injection happens
+    /// iff `Inline::Math` survives — never for a fully converted page.
+    #[tokio::test]
+    async fn mathml_method_injects_mathjax_only_for_leftover_math() {
+        let leftover = run_and_get_math(
+            vec![paragraph(vec![inline_math("x + \\bogus y")])],
+            meta_with_string("html-math-method", "mathml"),
+        )
+        .await
+        .expect("leftover TeX needs MathJax");
+        assert!(leftover.contains(DEFAULT_MATHJAX_URL));
+
+        let converted = run_and_get_math(
+            vec![paragraph(vec![str_inline("only a <math> element here")])],
+            meta_with_string("html-math-method", "mathml"),
+        )
+        .await;
+        assert!(converted.is_none(), "no leftover math → nothing to load");
+    }
+
+    /// The MathJax skip list must keep MathJax's own `annotation` and
+    /// `annotation-xml` entries: under `html-math-method: mathml` the
+    /// converted `<math>` elements carry the source TeX in an
+    /// `<annotation>`, and when MathJax is loaded for a leftover
+    /// expression (bd-3evfzwal) it would otherwise re-typeset every
+    /// `\begin{…}` it finds in those annotations (seen in a browser:
+    /// zero-size assistive MathML inside the converted matrices).
+    #[test]
+    fn mathjax_skip_list_excludes_annotations() {
+        let slot = MathEngine::default_engine().render_math_slot();
+        let skip = slot
+            .lines()
+            .find(|l| l.contains("skipHtmlTags"))
+            .expect("skipHtmlTags in the MathJax config");
+        for tag in ["'annotation'", "'annotation-xml'", "'pre'", "'script'"] {
+            assert!(skip.contains(tag), "{tag} missing from {skip}");
+        }
+    }
+
     // ── Tests for the engine config parser (independent of stage) ──
 
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b34c8f521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,372 @@
+/*
+ * stage/stages/math_ml.rs
+ * Copyright (c) 2026 Posit, PBC
+ *
+ * Convert math to MathML at render time (`html-math-method: mathml`).
+ */
+
+//! Native MathML for `format: html` (bd-3evfzwal).
+//!
+//! When the document selects `html-math-method: mathml`, every
+//! `Inline::Math` is converted with `quarto_math` (`Target::MathMl`) and
+//! replaced by
+//!
+//! ```html
+//! <span class="math inline|display"><math …>…</math></span>
+//! ```
+//!
+//! (as a `Span` around a `RawInline`), the same wrapper the HTML writer
+//! emits around TeX, so stylesheets and the preview-parity tooling keep
+//! working. Every current browser renders MathML Core natively, so a
+//! document whose math all converts ships no MathJax.
+//!
+//! An expression the converter cannot fully handle (an unknown command, an
+//! unbalanced `\left`) is left as `Inline::Math`. `MathJsStage`, which runs
+//! next, then sees leftover math and loads MathJax for the page, so the
+//! reader still gets rendered math; the author gets the `Q-22-*`
+//! diagnostic pointing at the offending characters in the `.qmd`,
+//! downgraded to a warning because the page did render. The plan calls
+//! this the hybrid fallback (decision 2 of
+//! `claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md`).
+//!
+//! Numbered equations reach this stage with their number already encoded
+//! as a sibling label by `EquationNumberStage` (the `Sibling` encoding),
+//! so the TeX handed to the converter is the author's, with no `\tag`.
+//!
+//! Excluded from the q2-preview pipeline, which renders `Inline::Math`
+//! client-side with KaTeX.
+
+use async_trait::async_trait;
+
+use quarto_error_reporting::{DiagnosticKind, DiagnosticMessage};
+use quarto_math::convert::{Target, convert};
+use quarto_math::normalize::Mode;
+use quarto_math::spec::Spec;
+use quarto_pandoc_types::attr::AttrSourceInfo;
+use quarto_pandoc_types::inline::{Inline, Math, MathType, RawInline, Span};
+
+use crate::ast_walk::for_each_inline_mut;
+use crate::math_method::{MathMethod, MathMethodConfig};
+use crate::stage::{
+    EventLevel, PipelineData, PipelineDataKind, PipelineError, PipelineStage, StageContext,
+};
+use crate::trace_event;
+
+/// Convert every `Inline::Math` to MathML when `html-math-method: mathml`.
+pub struct MathMlStage;
+
+impl MathMlStage {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        Self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Default for MathMlStage {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::new()
+    }
+}
+
+#[async_trait(?Send)]
+impl PipelineStage for MathMlStage {
+    fn name(&self) -> &str {
+        "math-ml"
+    }
+
+    fn input_kind(&self) -> PipelineDataKind {
+        PipelineDataKind::DocumentAst
+    }
+
+    fn output_kind(&self) -> PipelineDataKind {
+        PipelineDataKind::DocumentAst
+    }
+
+    async fn run(
+        &self,
+        input: PipelineData,
+        ctx: &mut StageContext,
+    ) -> Result<PipelineData, PipelineError> {
+        let PipelineData::DocumentAst(mut doc) = input else {
+            return Err(PipelineError::unexpected_input(
+                self.name(),
+                self.input_kind(),
+                input.kind(),
+            ));
+        };
+
+        if MathMethodConfig::from_meta(&doc.ast.meta).method != MathMethod::MathMl {
+            return Ok(PipelineData::DocumentAst(doc));
+        }
+
+        let outcome = convert_document(&mut doc.ast.blocks);
+        ctx.add_diagnostics(outcome.diagnostics);
+        if outcome.converted > 0 || outcome.left > 0 {
+            trace_event!(
+                ctx,
+                EventLevel::Debug,
+                "math-ml: converted {} expression(s) to MathML, left {} as TeX for MathJax",
+                outcome.converted,
+                outcome.left
+            );
+        }
+
+        Ok(PipelineData::DocumentAst(doc))
+    }
+}
+
+/// What one pass over a document did.
+#[derive(Default)]
+pub struct Outcome {
+    /// Expressions replaced by MathML.
+    pub converted: usize,
+    /// Expressions left as `Inline::Math` for the JS fallback.
+    pub left: usize,
+    /// Every diagnostic the converter raised, located in the `.qmd`;
+    /// errors downgraded to warnings (see the module docs).
+    pub diagnostics: Vec<DiagnosticMessage>,
+}
+
+/// Convert every `Inline::Math` under `blocks` in place.
+pub fn convert_document(blocks: &mut [quarto_pandoc_types::block::Block]) -> Outcome {
+    let mut outcome = Outcome::default();
+    for_each_inline_mut(blocks, &mut |inline| {
+        let Inline::Math(math) = inline else {
+            return;
+        };
+        match convert_math(math) {
+            (Some(replacement), diagnostics) => {
+                outcome.converted += 1;
+                outcome.diagnostics.extend(diagnostics);
+                *inline = replacement;
+            }
+            (None, diagnostics) => {
+                outcome.left += 1;
+                outcome
+                    .diagnostics
+                    .extend(diagnostics.into_iter().map(downgrade_to_warning));
+            }
+        }
+    });
+    outcome
+}
+
+/// Convert one expression. `Some` is the replacement inline; `None` means
+/// the converter withheld output and the TeX must stay.
+fn convert_math(math: &Math) -> (Option<Inline>, Vec<DiagnosticMessage>) {
+    let mode = match math.math_type {
+        MathType::InlineMath => Mode::Inline,
+        MathType::DisplayMath => Mode::Display,
+    };
+    // The text's own mapping when the reader recorded one (bd-ieldbghj),
+    // else the node: diagnostics then still land on the `$…$` block.
+    let text_source = math
+        .text_source
+        .clone()
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| math.source_info.clone());
+    let conversion = convert(
+        &math.text,
+        mode,
+        Target::MathMl,
+        &text_source,
+        Spec::builtin(),
+    );
+    let Some(mathml) = conversion.output else {
+        return (None, conversion.diagnostics);
+    };
+    let class = match math.math_type {
+        MathType::InlineMath => "inline",
+        MathType::DisplayMath => "display",
+    };
+    let replacement = Inline::Span(Span {
+        attr: (
+            String::new(),
+            vec!["math".to_string(), class.to_string()],
+            Default::default(),
+        ),
+        content: vec![Inline::RawInline(RawInline {
+            format: "html".to_string(),
+            text: mathml,
+            source_info: math.source_info.clone(),
+        })],
+        source_info: math.source_info.clone(),
+        attr_source: AttrSourceInfo::empty(),
+    });
+    (Some(replacement), conversion.diagnostics)
+}
+
+/// The page still renders (MathJax takes the expression), so a conversion
+/// error is a warning to the author, not a failed render.
+fn downgrade_to_warning(mut d: DiagnosticMessage) -> DiagnosticMessage {
+    if d.kind == DiagnosticKind::Error {
+        d.kind = DiagnosticKind::Warning;
+    }
+    d
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+    use quarto_pandoc_types::block::{Block, Header, Paragraph};
+    use quarto_pandoc_types::custom::{CustomNode, Slot};
+    use quarto_pandoc_types::inline::Str;
+    use quarto_source_map::{FileId, SourceInfo};
+
+    fn si() -> SourceInfo {
+        SourceInfo::for_test()
+    }
+
+    fn math(math_type: MathType, text: &str) -> Inline {
+        Inline::Math(Math {
+            math_type,
+            text: text.to_string(),
+            source_info: si(),
+            text_source: None,
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn para(content: Vec<Inline>) -> Block {
+        Block::Paragraph(Paragraph {
+            content,
+            source_info: si(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn raw_html(inline: &Inline) -> &str {
+        let Inline::Span(span) = inline else {
+            panic!("expected the math span, got {inline:?}");
+        };
+        assert_eq!(span.attr.0, "");
+        assert!(span.attr.2.is_empty());
+        let [Inline::RawInline(raw)] = span.content.as_slice() else {
+            panic!("expected one RawInline, got {:?}", span.content);
+        };
+        assert_eq!(raw.format, "html");
+        &raw.text
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn inline_and_display_math_become_math_spans() {
+        let mut blocks = vec![para(vec![
+            math(MathType::InlineMath, "x^2"),
+            Inline::Str(Str {
+                text: "and".to_string(),
+                source_info: si(),
+            }),
+            math(MathType::DisplayMath, "\\frac{a}{b}"),
+        ])];
+        let out = convert_document(&mut blocks);
+        assert_eq!((out.converted, out.left), (2, 0));
+        assert!(out.diagnostics.is_empty());
+        let Block::Paragraph(p) = &blocks[0] else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        let Inline::Span(inline_span) = &p.content[0] else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(inline_span.attr.1, vec!["math", "inline"]);
+        let inline_html = raw_html(&p.content[0]);
+        assert!(
+            inline_html
+                .starts_with(r#"<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics>"#)
+        );
+        assert!(inline_html.contains("<msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>"));
+        assert!(matches!(&p.content[1], Inline::Str(s) if s.text == "and"));
+        let Inline::Span(display_span) = &p.content[2] else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        assert_eq!(display_span.attr.1, vec!["math", "display"]);
+        let display_html = raw_html(&p.content[2]);
+        assert!(display_html.contains(r#"display="block""#));
+        assert!(display_html.contains("<mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac>"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_unconvertible_expression_stays_math_with_a_warning() {
+        let mut blocks = vec![para(vec![math(MathType::InlineMath, "x + \\bogus y")])];
+        let out = convert_document(&mut blocks);
+        assert_eq!((out.converted, out.left), (0, 1));
+        let Block::Paragraph(p) = &blocks[0] else {
+            panic!()
+        };
+        assert!(
+            matches!(&p.content[0], Inline::Math(m) if m.text == "x + \\bogus y"),
+            "the TeX must be untouched for MathJax, got {:?}",
+            p.content[0]
+        );
+        assert_eq!(out.diagnostics.len(), 1);
+        assert_eq!(out.diagnostics[0].code.as_deref(), Some("Q-22-1"));
+        assert_eq!(out.diagnostics[0].kind, DiagnosticKind::Warning);
+    }
+
+    /// A conversion that succeeds with a caveat keeps its warning as-is.
+    #[test]
+    fn a_warning_on_a_converted_expression_is_kept() {
+        // `\not` on a non-symbol is unsupported and produces an Error node...
+        // so pick a real warning: ragged rows in an environment.
+        let mut blocks = vec![para(vec![math(
+            MathType::DisplayMath,
+            "\\begin{matrix} a & b \\\\ c \\end{matrix}",
+        )])];
+        let out = convert_document(&mut blocks);
+        assert_eq!((out.converted, out.left), (1, 0));
+        assert_eq!(out.diagnostics.len(), 1, "{:?}", out.diagnostics);
+        assert_eq!(out.diagnostics[0].kind, DiagnosticKind::Warning);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn diagnostics_point_into_the_text_source_when_present() {
+        // `$x + \bogus y$` at file bytes 0..14; text at 1..13.
+        let node = SourceInfo::original(FileId(0), 0, 14);
+        let text = SourceInfo::original(FileId(0), 1, 13);
+        let mut blocks = vec![para(vec![Inline::Math(Math {
+            math_type: MathType::InlineMath,
+            text: "x + \\bogus y".to_string(),
+            source_info: node,
+            text_source: Some(text),
+        })])];
+        let out = convert_document(&mut blocks);
+        let loc = out.diagnostics[0].location.as_ref().expect("located");
+        // `\bogus` is at text offsets 4..10, so file bytes 5..11.
+        assert_eq!(loc.preimage_in(FileId(0)), Some(5..11));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn math_inside_headers_notes_and_custom_slots_is_converted() {
+        let mut custom = CustomNode::new("Anything", quarto_pandoc_types::attr::empty_attr(), si());
+        custom.slots.insert(
+            "content".to_string(),
+            Slot::Inlines(vec![math(MathType::InlineMath, "c^2")]),
+        );
+        let mut blocks = vec![
+            Block::Header(Header {
+                level: 1,
+                attr: quarto_pandoc_types::attr::empty_attr(),
+                content: vec![math(MathType::InlineMath, "h^2")],
+                source_info: si(),
+                attr_source: AttrSourceInfo::empty(),
+            }),
+            para(vec![Inline::Note(quarto_pandoc_types::inline::Note {
+                content: vec![para(vec![math(MathType::InlineMath, "n^2")])],
+                source_info: si(),
+            })]),
+            Block::Custom(custom),
+        ];
+        let out = convert_document(&mut blocks);
+        assert_eq!((out.converted, out.left), (3, 0));
+        let mut seen = Vec::new();
+        for_each_inline_mut(&mut blocks, &mut |inline| {
+            if let Inline::RawInline(raw) = inline {
+                for var in ["h", "n", "c"] {
+                    if raw
+                        .text
+                        .contains(&format!("<msup><mi>{var}</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>"))
+                    {
+                        seen.push(var);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        });
+        seen.sort_unstable();
+        assert_eq!(seen, vec!["c", "h", "n"]);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/mod.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/mod.rs
index a57f2ccfa..e163f8688 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/mod.rs
@@ -61,6 +61,10 @@ mod source_conversion;
 // when the document contains Math elements. Included on both native
 // and WASM pipelines (math display is safe under iframe reinit).
 mod math_js;
+// Native MathML (bd-3evfzwal): converts every `Inline::Math` with
+// quarto-math when `html-math-method: mathml`; leftovers fall back to
+// MathJax via math_js. Included on native and WASM.
+mod math_ml;
 mod metadata_merge;
 mod parse_document;
 mod pre_engine_sugaring;
@@ -106,6 +110,7 @@ pub use language_resolve::LanguageResolveStage;
 pub use link_resolution::LinkResolutionStage;
 pub use listing_item_info::ListingItemInfoStage;
 pub use math_js::{DEFAULT_KATEX_URL_BASE, DEFAULT_MATHJAX_URL, MathEngine, MathJsStage};
+pub use math_ml::MathMlStage;
 pub use metadata_merge::MetadataMergeStage;
 pub use parse_document::ParseDocumentStage;
 pub use pre_engine_sugaring::PreEngineSugaringStage;
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/equation_numbering_pipeline.rs b/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/equation_numbering_pipeline.rs
index 21766d052..80cb5ca51 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/equation_numbering_pipeline.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/equation_numbering_pipeline.rs
@@ -135,15 +135,17 @@ fn unknown_method_encodes_qquad_inside_tex() {
     assert!(html.contains("\\[E = mc^2 \\qquad(1)\\]"), "got:\n{html}");
 }
 
-/// `mathml`: the TeX is untouched (the MathML stage, bd-3evfzwal, will
-/// convert it later) and the number is a sibling label outside the math,
+/// `mathml`: the TeX is untouched (the MathML stage, bd-3evfzwal, converts
+/// it next) and the number is a sibling label outside the math,
 /// with a modifier class on the equation span for the CSS that lays the
 /// two out.
 #[test]
 fn mathml_method_places_number_as_sibling_label() {
     let html = render(&labelled_doc("html-math-method: mathml\n"), "html");
+    // The MathML stage (bd-3evfzwal) converts the math; the annotation
+    // carries the author's TeX, untouched (no `\tag`).
     assert!(
-        html.contains("\\[E = mc^2\\]"),
+        html.contains(r#"<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E = mc^2</annotation>"#),
         "the math text must be untouched; got:\n{html}"
     );
     assert!(
@@ -164,7 +166,7 @@ fn mathml_method_places_number_as_sibling_label() {
 fn mathml_sibling_label_is_inside_the_equation_span() {
     let html = render(&labelled_doc("html-math-method: mathml\n"), "html");
     let start = html.find("id=\"eq-einstein\"").expect("equation span");
-    let math_end = html[start..].find("\\]</span>").expect("math span end") + start;
+    let math_end = html[start..].find("</math></span>").expect("math span end") + start;
     let label = html[start..].find("quarto-eq-number\">(1)").expect("label") + start;
     assert!(
         label > math_end,
@@ -193,10 +195,13 @@ fn unlabelled_display_math_is_untouched() {
             &format!("---\ntitle: Unlabelled\n{method}---\n\n$$x^2$$\n"),
             "html",
         );
-        assert!(
-            html.contains("\\[x^2\\]"),
-            "method {method:?}: got:\n{html}"
-        );
+        let untouched = if method.contains("mathml") {
+            // Converted to MathML; the annotation carries the TeX.
+            r#"<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">x^2</annotation>"#
+        } else {
+            "\\[x^2\\]"
+        };
+        assert!(html.contains(untouched), "method {method:?}: got:\n{html}");
         assert!(!html.contains("\\tag{"));
         assert!(!html.contains("qquad"));
         assert!(!html.contains("quarto-eq-number"));
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs b/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs
index 81eed0f4c..9cfacdd7e 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs
@@ -310,3 +310,167 @@ fn website_only_math_page_references_mathjax() {
         "math-free page must NOT reference MathJax CDN"
     );
 }
+
+// ── html-math-method: mathml (bd-3evfzwal) ──────────────────────────────
+
+/// Render `doc.qmd` with the given body under `html-math-method: mathml`
+/// and return the HTML plus the render diagnostics.
+fn render_mathml(body: &str) -> (String, Vec<quarto_error_reporting::DiagnosticMessage>) {
+    let temp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let qmd_path = temp.path().join("doc.qmd");
+    write_file(
+        &qmd_path,
+        &format!("---\ntitle: MathML\nhtml-math-method: mathml\n---\n\n{body}\n"),
+    );
+    let runtime = runtime_arc();
+    let options = RenderToFileOptions::default();
+    let result = render_to_file(&qmd_path, "html", &options, runtime).expect("render");
+    let html = read(&result.output_path);
+    (html, result.render_output.diagnostics)
+}
+
+/// Every expression converts: native `<math>` in the page, the TeX
+/// delimiters gone, no JS engine loaded, and a numbered equation's label
+/// sits outside the math.
+#[test]
+fn mathml_method_emits_native_mathml_and_no_loader() {
+    let (html, diagnostics) = render_mathml(
+        "Inline $x^2$ and display:\n\n$$\\frac{a}{b}$$\n\n$$E = mc^2$$ {#eq-e}\n\nSee @eq-e.",
+    );
+    assert!(
+        html.contains(r#"<span class="math inline"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msup><mi>x</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>"#),
+        "inline math must be native MathML inside the usual span; got:\n{html}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        html.contains(r#"<span class="math display"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mrow><mfrac><mi>a</mi><mi>b</mi></mfrac></mrow>"#),
+        "display math must be block MathML; got:\n{html}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        html.contains(r#"<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">E = mc^2</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="quarto-eq-number">(1)</span></span>"#),
+        "the numbered equation keeps its TeX untouched and carries the label as a sibling; got:\n{html}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !html.contains("\\("),
+        "no inline TeX delimiters may remain:\n{html}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !html.contains("\\["),
+        "no display TeX delimiters may remain:\n{html}"
+    );
+    assert!(!html.contains("\\tag{"));
+    assert!(
+        !html.contains(MATHJAX_CONFIG_SENTINEL),
+        "no MathJax when everything converted"
+    );
+    assert!(!html.contains("cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax"));
+    assert!(!html.contains("cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/katex"));
+    assert!(
+        html.contains("Equation\u{a0}1"),
+        "the crossref link still resolves"
+    );
+    let math_codes: Vec<&str> = diagnostics
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|d| d.code.as_deref())
+        .filter(|c| c.starts_with("Q-22-"))
+        .collect();
+    assert!(
+        math_codes.is_empty(),
+        "no math diagnostics expected, got {math_codes:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// An expression the converter rejects stays TeX, and MathJax is loaded
+/// for the page so the reader still sees it rendered (plan decision 2).
+/// The author gets a `Q-22-1` *warning* pointing at the command.
+#[test]
+fn mathml_method_falls_back_to_mathjax_for_an_unconvertible_expression() {
+    let (html, diagnostics) = render_mathml("Good $a^2$ and bad $x + \\bogus y$.");
+    assert!(
+        html.contains("<mrow><msup><mi>a</mi><mn>2</mn></msup></mrow>"),
+        "the convertible expression is MathML; got:\n{html}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        html.contains(r#"<span class="math inline">\(x + \bogus y\)</span>"#),
+        "the unconvertible expression stays TeX for MathJax; got:\n{html}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        html.contains(MATHJAX_CONFIG_SENTINEL) && html.contains(DEFAULT_MATHJAX_URL),
+        "MathJax must be loaded for the leftover expression; got:\n{html}"
+    );
+    // …and must not re-typeset the TeX inside the converted math's
+    // `<annotation>` (MathJax's default skip list covers it; ours must too).
+    assert!(
+        html.contains("'annotation', 'annotation-xml'"),
+        "the MathJax skip list must include annotation elements; got:\n{html}"
+    );
+    let bogus: Vec<_> = diagnostics
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|d| d.code.as_deref() == Some("Q-22-1"))
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(
+        bogus.len(),
+        1,
+        "one unknown-command diagnostic; got {diagnostics:?}"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        bogus[0].kind,
+        quarto_error_reporting::DiagnosticKind::Warning,
+        "the page still renders (MathJax), so this is a warning, not an error"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        bogus[0].location.is_some(),
+        "the diagnostic points into the .qmd"
+    );
+}
+
+/// No math: neither `<math>` nor a loader.
+#[test]
+fn mathml_method_without_math_emits_nothing() {
+    let (html, _) = render_mathml("Just prose.");
+    assert!(!html.contains("<math"));
+    assert!(!html.contains(MATHJAX_CONFIG_SENTINEL));
+}
+
+/// Math is converted wherever it sits: headers, list items, table cells,
+/// and footnotes.
+#[test]
+fn mathml_method_reaches_math_in_every_container() {
+    let (html, _) = render_mathml(
+        "# Header $h^2$\n\n- item $i^2$\n\n| a |\n|---|\n| $t^2$ |\n\nText^[note $n^2$]",
+    );
+    for var in ["h", "i", "t", "n"] {
+        assert!(
+            html.contains(&format!("<msup><mi>{var}</mi><mn>2</mn></msup>")),
+            "math in a container ({var}) must be converted; got:\n{html}"
+        );
+    }
+    assert!(!html.contains("\\("));
+    assert!(!html.contains(MATHJAX_CONFIG_SENTINEL));
+}
+
+/// Two-page site: the mathml page gets `<math>` and no loader; the
+/// math-free page gets neither.
+#[test]
+fn website_mathml_page_has_math_and_no_loader() {
+    let project_dir = render_website(|dir| {
+        write_file(
+            &dir.join("_quarto.yml"),
+            "project:\n  type: website\nformat:\n  html:\n    html-math-method: mathml\n",
+        );
+        write_file(
+            &dir.join("index.qmd"),
+            "---\ntitle: Home\n---\n\nNothing here.\n",
+        );
+        write_file(
+            &dir.join("equations.qmd"),
+            "---\ntitle: Equations\n---\n\nWe have $x + 1 = y$.\n",
+        );
+    });
+    let site = project_dir.join("_site");
+    let index_html = read(&site.join("index.html"));
+    let eq_html = read(&site.join("equations.html"));
+    assert!(eq_html.contains("<math xmlns="), "got:\n{eq_html}");
+    assert!(!eq_html.contains(MATHJAX_CONFIG_SENTINEL));
+    assert!(!index_html.contains("<math"));
+    assert!(!index_html.contains(MATHJAX_CONFIG_SENTINEL));
+}
diff --git a/crates/wasm-quarto-hub-client/Cargo.lock b/crates/wasm-quarto-hub-client/Cargo.lock
index f07154a85..988e867c2 100644
--- a/crates/wasm-quarto-hub-client/Cargo.lock
+++ b/crates/wasm-quarto-hub-client/Cargo.lock
@@ -203,6 +203,12 @@ version = "0.22.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "72b3254f16251a8381aa12e40e3c4d2f0199f8c6508fbecb9d91f575e0fbb8c6"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "beef"
+version = "0.5.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3a8241f3ebb85c056b509d4327ad0358fbbba6ffb340bf388f26350aeda225b1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "bitflags"
 version = "2.11.1"
@@ -422,7 +428,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "jetscii",
  "phf 0.13.1",
  "phf_codegen",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "smallvec",
  "typed-arena",
 ]
@@ -479,6 +485,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "libm",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "countme"
+version = "3.0.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7704b5fdd17b18ae31c4c1da5a2e0305a2bf17b5249300a9ee9ed7b72114c636"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "cpufeatures"
 version = "0.2.17"
@@ -554,7 +566,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "log",
  "pulley-interpreter",
  "regalloc2",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "serde",
  "smallvec",
  "target-lexicon",
@@ -845,6 +857,12 @@ version = "1.0.20"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "d0881ea181b1df73ff77ffaaf9c7544ecc11e82fba9b5f27b262a3c73a332555"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ecow"
+version = "0.2.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "78e4f79b296fbaab6ce2e22d52cb4c7f010fe0ebe7a32e34fa25885fd797bd02"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "ego-tree"
 version = "0.11.0"
@@ -869,6 +887,15 @@ version = "0.6.1"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "edd0f118536f44f5ccd48bcb8b111bdc3de888b58c74639dfb034a357d0f206d"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "ena"
+version = "0.14.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eabffdaee24bd1bf95c5ef7cec31260444317e72ea56c4c91750e8b7ee58d5f1"
+dependencies = [
+ "log",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "encoding_rs"
 version = "0.8.35"
@@ -983,6 +1010,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "miniz_oxide",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "fnv"
+version = "1.0.7"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "3f9eec918d3f24069decb9af1554cad7c880e2da24a9afd88aca000531ab82c1"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "foldhash"
 version = "0.1.5"
@@ -1797,6 +1830,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashbrown 0.14.5",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "lazy_static"
+version = "1.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bbd2bcb4c963f2ddae06a2efc7e9f3591312473c50c6685e1f298068316e66fe"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "leb128fmt"
 version = "0.1.0"
@@ -1867,6 +1906,39 @@ version = "0.4.29"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "5e5032e24019045c762d3c0f28f5b6b8bbf38563a65908389bf7978758920897"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "logos"
+version = "0.14.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "7251356ef8cb7aec833ddf598c6cb24d17b689d20b993f9d11a3d764e34e6458"
+dependencies = [
+ "logos-derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "logos-codegen"
+version = "0.14.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "59f80069600c0d66734f5ff52cc42f2dabd6b29d205f333d61fd7832e9e9963f"
+dependencies = [
+ "beef",
+ "fnv",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "regex-syntax",
+ "syn 2.0.117",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "logos-derive"
+version = "0.14.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "24fb722b06a9dc12adb0963ed585f19fc61dc5413e6a9be9422ef92c091e731d"
+dependencies = [
+ "logos-codegen",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "lru-slab"
 version = "0.1.2"
@@ -1934,6 +2006,15 @@ dependencies = [
  "libc",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "memoffset"
+version = "0.9.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "488016bfae457b036d996092f6cb448677611ce4449e970ceaf42695203f218a"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "miniz_oxide"
 version = "0.8.9"
@@ -1955,6 +2036,41 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.61.2",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "mitex-glob"
+version = "0.2.7"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mitex-lexer"
+version = "0.2.7"
+dependencies = [
+ "ecow",
+ "ena",
+ "logos",
+ "mitex-spec",
+ "once_cell",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mitex-parser"
+version = "0.2.7"
+dependencies = [
+ "mitex-glob",
+ "mitex-lexer",
+ "mitex-spec",
+ "rowan",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "mitex-spec"
+version = "0.2.7"
+dependencies = [
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "mlua"
 version = "0.11.6"
@@ -1969,7 +2085,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "mlua-sys",
  "num-traits",
  "parking_lot",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "rustversion",
  "serde",
  "serde-value",
@@ -2482,7 +2598,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "hashlink",
  "quarto-pandoc-types",
  "quarto-source-map",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "serde",
  "serde_json",
 ]
@@ -2556,6 +2672,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "quarto-doctemplate",
  "quarto-error-reporting",
  "quarto-highlight",
+ "quarto-math",
  "quarto-navigation",
  "quarto-pandoc-types",
  "quarto-sass",
@@ -2692,6 +2809,22 @@ dependencies = [
  "tree-sitter-qmd",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "quarto-math"
+version = "0.32.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "mitex-lexer",
+ "mitex-parser",
+ "mitex-spec",
+ "quarto-error-reporting",
+ "quarto-source-map",
+ "rowan",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+ "thiserror 2.0.18",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "quarto-navigation"
 version = "0.32.0"
@@ -2858,7 +2991,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pin-project-lite",
  "quinn-proto",
  "quinn-udp",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "rustls",
  "socket2",
  "thiserror 2.0.18",
@@ -2879,7 +3012,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "lru-slab",
  "rand 0.9.4",
  "ring",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "rustls",
  "rustls-pki-types",
  "slab",
@@ -3074,7 +3207,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "bumpalo",
  "hashbrown 0.15.5",
  "log",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "smallvec",
 ]
 
@@ -3158,6 +3291,19 @@ dependencies = [
  "windows-sys 0.52.0",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rowan"
+version = "0.15.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a2441aaccb50f4267d4f0f58b21e0138e96a449f361ed57a2673a83c9bca0772"
+dependencies = [
+ "countme",
+ "hashbrown 0.14.5",
+ "memoffset",
+ "rustc-hash 1.1.0",
+ "text-size",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "roxmltree"
 version = "0.21.1"
@@ -3226,6 +3372,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "walkdir",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "rustc-hash"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "08d43f7aa6b08d49f382cde6a7982047c3426db949b1424bc4b7ec9ae12c6ce2"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "rustc-hash"
 version = "2.1.2"
@@ -3467,7 +3619,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "phf 0.13.1",
  "phf_codegen",
  "precomputed-hash",
- "rustc-hash",
+ "rustc-hash 2.1.2",
  "servo_arc",
  "smallvec",
 ]
@@ -3850,6 +4002,12 @@ dependencies = [
  "winapi-util",
 ]
 
+[[package]]
+name = "text-size"
+version = "1.1.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f18aa187839b2bdb1ad2fa35ead8c4c2976b64e4363c386d45ac0f7ee85c9233"
+
 [[package]]
 name = "thiserror"
 version = "1.0.69"
diff --git a/docs/errors/math/Q-22-1.qmd b/docs/errors/math/Q-22-1.qmd
index 8741e43cd..38f581a94 100644
--- a/docs/errors/math/Q-22-1.qmd
+++ b/docs/errors/math/Q-22-1.qmd
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ Common causes: a typo (`\aplha`), a command from a LaTeX package that has no mat
 
 ## How to fix it
 
-Fix the spelling, replace the command with its standard equivalent (`\mathbb{R}`), or define it in the expression: `\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} x \in \R`. HTML output through MathJax or KaTeX may still render an unknown macro if that engine defines it; this error is about the converters Quarto runs itself.
+Fix the spelling, replace the command with its standard equivalent (`\mathbb{R}`), or define it in the expression: `\newcommand{\R}{\mathbb{R}} x \in \R`. HTML output through MathJax or KaTeX may still render an unknown macro if that engine defines it; this error is about the converters Quarto runs itself. Under [`html-math-method: mathml`](../../guides/formats/html/math.qmd) it is reported as a warning: the expression is left as TeX and MathJax is loaded for the page so it still renders.
 
 ## Where it is reported
 
diff --git a/docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd b/docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3b43ba4af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/docs/guides/formats/html/math.qmd
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+---
+title: HTML Math
+---
+
+## Overview
+
+Math in Quarto documents is written in LaTeX syntax, inline between `$…$`
+and as display math between `$$…$$`. For HTML output the
+`html-math-method` option chooses how the browser renders it:
+
+``` yaml
+format:
+  html:
+    html-math-method: mathjax
+```
+
+| Method    | How the math is rendered                                                   |
+|-----------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `mathjax` | MathJax typesets the TeX in the browser (the default).                     |
+| `katex`   | KaTeX typesets the TeX in the browser.                                     |
+| `mathml`  | Quarto converts the TeX to MathML when it renders; no JavaScript is loaded.|
+| `plain`   | The TeX is left as written, with no renderer.                              |
+
+`mathjax` and `katex` also accept an object form to point at your own copy
+of the library:
+
+``` yaml
+format:
+  html:
+    html-math-method:
+      method: katex
+      url: https://example.org/katex/
+```
+
+## Native MathML
+
+With `html-math-method: mathml`, every expression is converted to
+[MathML Core](https://www.w3.org/TR/mathml-core/) at render time and
+written into the page as a `<math>` element. Every current browser
+renders MathML Core natively, so the page loads no math library and the
+math is part of the document rather than something a script draws after
+the page loads. The converted element also carries the original TeX in an
+annotation, so copying an equation still gives you its source.
+
+A few things to know:
+
+- **Fallback.** If an expression uses a command the converter does not
+  know, that expression is left as TeX and MathJax is loaded for the
+  page so it still renders. Quarto reports a `Q-22-*` warning that points
+  at the command in your `.qmd`; fixing it (or defining the macro in the
+  expression with `\newcommand`) removes the dependency on MathJax. See
+  [Q-22-1](../../../errors/math/Q-22-1.qmd) for the most common case.
+- **Equation numbers.** Numbered equations (`$$…$$ {#eq-name}`) show
+  their number as a label to the right of the equation, outside the math.
+- **Fonts.** Browsers lay out MathML with a math font when one is
+  installed (Windows ships Cambria Math; Firefox bundles STIX). Without
+  one, the browser falls back to the page font and some constructs, such
+  as large operators and stretchy delimiters, look less refined than with
+  MathJax or KaTeX. Quarto does not ship a math font.
+- **`\cancel`.** The strike-through is drawn by Firefox but not by
+  Chrome, which shows the content without the line.
+
+## Unsupported methods
+
+Quarto 1's `webtex` and `gladtex` methods are not available. They are
+treated like `plain`: the TeX stays in the page unrendered.

From 66d215b46ccd59a9a34f020a78fbf0cd02ad4acc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Carlos Scheidegger <carlos.scheidegger@posit.co>
Date: Mon, 21 Sep 2026 19:10:46 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 3/4] plan: record PRs #708/#709/#710 and the GitHub stack

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .../plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md        | 5 +++--
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md b/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
index 39f7b1966..d664dd9ea 100644
--- a/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
+++ b/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 # Format-specific equation numbering and `html-math-method: mathml`
 
 **Status:** approved 2026-09-21 (all five open decisions settled with the
-user, each as recommended). Phases 1–3 implemented and committed the same
-day on three branches (see Phase 0); nothing pushed yet.
+user, each as recommended). Phases 1–3 implemented the same day. PRs: #708 (Phase 1,
+against `main`), #709 (Phase 2, stacked on #706) and #710 (Phase 3, stacked
+on #709), the last two linked into the GitHub stack #705 → #706 → #709 → #710.
 **Strands:** bd-vlhi2zkj (Phase 1, equation numbering; branch
 `braid/bd-vlhi2zkj-equation-numbering` off `main`), bd-9z83tcv0 (Phase 2,
 MathML writer, p2), bd-3evfzwal (Phase 3, `MathMlStage`; blocked on the

From 56b93af78c25a1782dbf63a5735432e8da2ecaa8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: t <t@e.com>
Date: Wed, 23 Sep 2026 13:32:41 -0500
Subject: [PATCH 4/4] MathMlStage: ignore html-math-method on non-HTML formats
 (bd-3evfzwal)
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A document with html-math-method: mathml rendered --to docx crashed the
Pandoc leg: the stage converted every equation to a RawInline before
pandoc ran, and the vendored crossref/equations.lua died on it
('attempt to concatenate a nil value (field text)', exit 83, Q-20-3).
#704 landed after this branch was cut, so its exact Pandoc stage-list
test only reddened at the merge.

The key is an HTML option that commonly lives in shared metadata of a
project rendering docx or typst too, so it is ignored silently on the
Pandoc leg — like EquationNumberStage's Writer encoding and like Quarto
1, which forwards it to pandoc whose non-HTML writers ignore it.

- applies_to(format, method) gates the stage on is_html_based(); unit test
- math-ml joins PANDOC_STAGE_EXCLUDED; the exact surviving-name list
  gains equation-number (a deliberate no-op there)
- end-to-end: a mathml-method document renders to docx with one native
  OMML equation numbered (1) and no MathML in the body
- plan: claude-notes/plans/2026-09-23-merge-math-stack.md records the
  stack's conflict assessment and merge order

Co-Authored-By: Claude Fable 5.1 <noreply@anthropic.com>
---
 .../plans/2026-09-23-merge-math-stack.md      | 65 +++++++++++++++++++
 crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs            |  5 ++
 .../quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs   | 48 +++++++++++++-
 .../tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs   | 55 +++++++++++++++-
 4 files changed, 171 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 claude-notes/plans/2026-09-23-merge-math-stack.md

diff --git a/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-23-merge-math-stack.md b/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-23-merge-math-stack.md
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9e02225b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/claude-notes/plans/2026-09-23-merge-math-stack.md
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+# Merging the math stack (PRs 705, 706, 708, 709, 710) onto main after #704
+
+## Overview
+
+PR #704 (Pandoc-hybrid docx/pptx/epub/typst) landed on main on 2026-09-21.
+The math stack — `Math.text_source` (#705), `quarto-math` (#706), the
+equation-numbering stage (#708), the MathML writer (#709) and the
+`MathMlStage` (#710) — was branched before it. This plan records the
+conflict assessment (2026-09-23) and tracks the merge, one PR at a time.
+
+Parent plans: `2026-09-21-quarto-math-and-native-docx.md`,
+`2026-09-21-equation-numbering-and-mathml.md`.
+
+## Assessment (2026-09-23, trial merges against origin/main 6d648d92)
+
+- **#705**: conflicts only in two regenerable artifacts
+  (`crates/pampa/snapshots/json/math-with-attr.snap`,
+  `ts-packages/annotated-qmd/examples/academic-paper.json`). Rust
+  auto-merges and compiles; pampa/quarto-core/pandoc-types tests pass after
+  regeneration. Pandoc 3.11 ignores the new `textS` sidecar on the
+  Pandoc leg. docx/typst output of a labelled equation unchanged.
+- **#706**: `Cargo.lock` (both sides add packages; refresh from main),
+  `error_catalog.json` (main added Q-20/Q-21, 706 adds Q-22; union),
+  `docs/_quarto.yml` (errors sidebar: `pandoc`/`typst` vs `math` sections;
+  union). Lint passes on the union.
+- **#708**: `tests/integration/main.rs` module list; and once #705 is on
+  main, `crossref_render.rs` (705 extended `text_source` in
+  `render_equation`, 708 rewrote it). #710 already carries the
+  resolution (`append_to_tex` in `equation_number.rs`) — take 710's
+  `crossref_render.rs`. docx/typst equation numbers are unaffected:
+  pandoc drops q2's `\tag{N}` anyway, and the number comes from the
+  vendored Quarto 1 `crossref/equations.lua` (`\qquad(N)`). Verified by
+  rendering before/after with the real binary.
+- **#709**: plan-doc checkbox conflict only.
+- **#710**: one real regression against #704 — `MathMlStage` gates on
+  `html-math-method` only, not on the format, and is not on
+  `PANDOC_STAGE_EXCLUDED`. A document with `html-math-method: mathml`
+  rendered `--to docx` converts its math to `RawInline` before the
+  Pandoc leg, and the vendored `equations.lua` crashes
+  (`attempt to concatenate a nil value (field 'text')`, pandoc exit 83,
+  Q-20-3). Decision (user, 2026-09-23): **ignore the option silently on
+  non-HTML formats**, matching `EquationNumberStage`'s `Writer` no-op and
+  Quarto 1 (which forwards the key to pandoc, whose non-HTML writers
+  ignore it). No warning: the `html-` prefix is what makes the key safe
+  in shared metadata for multi-format projects.
+
+## Merge order and checklist
+
+- [ ] **#705** — merge main, regenerate the two artifacts, tests, push,
+      mark ready, merge when CI is green.
+- [ ] **#706** — retarget to main, merge main, union-resolve catalog +
+      sidebar, refresh `Cargo.lock`, build + tests + lint, push, merge.
+- [ ] **#708** — merge main, take #710's `crossref_render.rs`, fix the
+      module list, build + tests, push, merge.
+- [ ] **#709** — retarget to main, merge main, resolve plan doc, tests,
+      push, merge.
+- [ ] **#710** — retarget to main, merge main; gate `MathMlStage` on
+      `is_html_based()`, add `math-ml` to `PANDOC_STAGE_EXCLUDED`, update
+      `t6_2_pandoc_stage_list_produces_exact_surviving_name_list`, add an
+      end-to-end test (mathml-method document `--to docx` keeps its OMML
+      equation); build + tests; push; merge.
+
+## Verification log
+
+(filled in as each PR lands)
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs
index 4fa6e4e44..768a1c41a 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/pipeline.rs
@@ -526,6 +526,10 @@ const PANDOC_STAGE_EXCLUDED: &[&str] = &[
     "tabsets-js",
     "code-highlight",
     "math-js",
+    // `html-math-method` is an HTML option; MathMlStage is a no-op for
+    // every other format (see its module docs) and is excluded here so
+    // the Pandoc leg never hands a converted RawInline to pandoc.
+    "math-ml",
     "render-html-body",
     "apply-template",
 ];
@@ -5202,6 +5206,7 @@ mod tests {
                 "ast-transforms",
                 "user-filters-post",
                 "resource-report",
+                "equation-number",
                 "pandoc-write",
             ]
         );
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs
index b34c8f521..d61458025 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/src/stage/stages/math_ml.rs
@@ -35,6 +35,16 @@
 //!
 //! Excluded from the q2-preview pipeline, which renders `Inline::Math`
 //! client-side with KaTeX.
+//!
+//! **HTML-based formats only.** `html-math-method` is an HTML option, and
+//! it commonly sits in shared metadata of a project that also renders
+//! docx or typst. On the Pandoc leg the stage is a no-op (and `math-ml`
+//! is on `PANDOC_STAGE_EXCLUDED`), matching Quarto 1, which forwards the
+//! key to pandoc, whose non-HTML writers ignore it, and matching
+//! `EquationNumberStage`'s `Writer` encoding. Converting there would
+//! hand a `RawInline` to the vendored `crossref/equations.lua`, which
+//! crashes on it (pandoc exit 83, Q-20-3). No diagnostic is raised: the
+//! `html-` prefix is exactly what makes the key safe to share.
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
 
@@ -46,6 +56,7 @@ use quarto_pandoc_types::attr::AttrSourceInfo;
 use quarto_pandoc_types::inline::{Inline, Math, MathType, RawInline, Span};
 
 use crate::ast_walk::for_each_inline_mut;
+use crate::format::Format;
 use crate::math_method::{MathMethod, MathMethodConfig};
 use crate::stage::{
     EventLevel, PipelineData, PipelineDataKind, PipelineError, PipelineStage, StageContext,
@@ -94,7 +105,8 @@ impl PipelineStage for MathMlStage {
             ));
         };
 
-        if MathMethodConfig::from_meta(&doc.ast.meta).method != MathMethod::MathMl {
+        let method = MathMethodConfig::from_meta(&doc.ast.meta).method;
+        if !applies_to(&ctx.format, &method) {
             return Ok(PipelineData::DocumentAst(doc));
         }
 
@@ -114,6 +126,14 @@ impl PipelineStage for MathMlStage {
     }
 }
 
+/// Whether the stage converts anything for a document rendered to
+/// `format` with `method`: only an HTML-based format that selected
+/// `html-math-method: mathml`. Every other format ignores the option (see
+/// the module docs).
+pub fn applies_to(format: &Format, method: &MathMethod) -> bool {
+    format.identifier.is_html_based() && *method == MathMethod::MathMl
+}
+
 /// What one pass over a document did.
 #[derive(Default)]
 pub struct Outcome {
@@ -369,4 +389,30 @@ mod tests {
         seen.sort_unstable();
         assert_eq!(seen, vec!["c", "h", "n"]);
     }
+
+    /// `html-math-method` is an HTML option: the stage runs for html and
+    /// revealjs with `mathml`, and for nothing else.
+    #[test]
+    fn applies_only_to_html_based_formats_with_mathml() {
+        use crate::format::FormatIdentifier;
+        let format = |identifier| Format {
+            identifier,
+            ..Format::html()
+        };
+        for id in [FormatIdentifier::Html, FormatIdentifier::Revealjs] {
+            assert!(applies_to(&format(id), &MathMethod::MathMl), "{id:?}");
+            assert!(!applies_to(&format(id), &MathMethod::Mathjax), "{id:?}");
+        }
+        for id in [
+            FormatIdentifier::Docx,
+            FormatIdentifier::Pptx,
+            FormatIdentifier::Typst,
+            FormatIdentifier::Pdf,
+        ] {
+            assert!(
+                !applies_to(&format(id), &MathMethod::MathMl),
+                "{id:?} must ignore html-math-method"
+            );
+        }
+    }
 }
diff --git a/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs b/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs
index 9cfacdd7e..e61c25411 100644
--- a/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs
+++ b/crates/quarto-core/tests/integration/math_mode_pipeline.rs
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ use tempfile::TempDir;
 use quarto_core::format::Format;
 use quarto_core::project::ProjectContext;
 use quarto_core::project::orchestrator::{ProjectPipeline, project_type_for};
-use quarto_core::render_to_file::{RenderToFileOptions, render_to_file};
+use quarto_core::render_to_file::{RenderToFileOptions, render_document_to_file, render_to_file};
 use quarto_core::stage::stages::{DEFAULT_KATEX_URL_BASE, DEFAULT_MATHJAX_URL};
 use quarto_system_runtime::{NativeRuntime, SystemRuntime};
 
@@ -67,6 +67,59 @@ const KATEX_AUTO_RENDER_SENTINEL: &str = "renderMathInElement";
 
 // ── Single-doc tests ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
+/// `html-math-method` is an HTML option. A document that selects `mathml`
+/// and is rendered to docx (a common shape: the key sits in shared
+/// metadata of a project that renders both) must reach pandoc with its
+/// `Inline::Math` intact and come out with a native OMML equation,
+/// numbered by the vendored `crossref/equations.lua`. Before `MathMlStage`
+/// was gated on the format it converted the math to a `RawInline` on the
+/// Pandoc leg too, and that Lua filter crashed on it (pandoc exit 83).
+/// Requires a real `pandoc` on `PATH`, like every Pandoc-leg test.
+#[test]
+fn mathml_method_is_ignored_for_docx() {
+    let temp = TempDir::new().unwrap();
+    let project_dir = temp.path().canonicalize().unwrap();
+    let qmd_path = project_dir.join("doc.qmd");
+    write_file(
+        &qmd_path,
+        "---\ntitle: Math\nhtml-math-method: mathml\n---\n\n$$\nE = mc^2\n$$ {#eq-e}\n\nSee @eq-e.\n",
+    );
+
+    let result = render_document_to_file(
+        &qmd_path,
+        "docx",
+        &RenderToFileOptions::default(),
+        None,
+        runtime_arc(),
+        None,
+        None,
+        Some("docx"),
+    )
+    .expect("docx render must succeed with html-math-method: mathml");
+    let bytes = std::fs::read(&result.output_path).unwrap();
+    let extraction = quarto_ooxml_extract::extract_docx(&bytes).expect("extract docx");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        extraction.math.len(),
+        1,
+        "exactly one OMML equation expected; got {extraction}"
+    );
+    let math = &extraction.math[0];
+    assert!(
+        math.contains("mc") && math.contains("(1)"),
+        "the equation must be native OMML, numbered by the vendored Lua: {math:?}"
+    );
+    let body: String = extraction
+        .paragraphs
+        .iter()
+        .map(|p| p.text.as_str())
+        .collect();
+    assert!(
+        !body.contains("<math"),
+        "no MathML may leak into the docx body: {body}"
+    );
+}
+
 /// Default config + a doc with inline math → both the MathJax inline
 /// config block and the CDN loader land in the rendered HTML.
 #[test]